Intercultural stereotypes and the role of critical and creative thinking in overcoming them
Abstract
Intercultural stereotypes often lead to misunderstandings or even cultural conflicts in communication, as they interfere with the rational assessment of individuals from one national culture and the products, perspectives and practices associated with them. Although there is a considerable literature on stereotypes in general and on intercultural stereotypes in particular, there is clearly insufficient scholarly works to provide concrete and conceptual insights into how to minimise or overcome stereotypical attitudes in practice. For example, the role of critical and creative thinking in the process of devisualisation of stereotypes has not been adequately assessed in the academic literature. Researchers have so far paid little attention for it in their works. This work aims to fill the aforementioned gaps in the scientific discourse. The object of this article is intercultural stereotypes in the context of the link between critical and creative thinking. The aim of the article is to analyse the theoretical aspects of intercultural stereotypes and the role of critical and creative thinking in overcoming them. The work first analyses the theoretical aspects of stereotypes in the context of intercultural communication, and then examines the nuances of the role of critical and creative thinking in overcoming intercultural stereotypes. The role of critical and creative thinking in the process of overcoming intercultural stereotypes is explored by discussing the link between critical and creative thinking, as well as the importance of the application of teaching methods for critical and creative thinking skills in the process of devisualisation of stereotypes. The following research methods are used in order to implement the aim of the article: analysis and synthesis of scientific literature.
Keyword : creative thinking, critical thinking, devisualisation of stereotypes, intercultural communication, intercultural stereotypes
How to Cite
Braslauskas, J. (2023). Intercultural stereotypes and the role of critical and creative thinking in overcoming them. Creativity Studies, 16(1), 255–273. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2023.17187
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Jayaswal, S. (2009). Barriers to intercultural communication. Pragyaan: Mass Communication, 7(1), 12–19.
Jenifer, R. D., & Raman, G. P. (2015). Cross cultural communication barriers in workplace. International Journal of Management, 6(1), 332–335.
Kei, Sh. S., & Yazdanifard, R. (2015). The significance of intercultural communication for businesses and the obstacles that managers should overcome in achieving effective intercultural communication. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, (A) 15(4), 7–12.
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Korez Vide, R., & Jurše, M. (2016). The role of stereotyping in a culturally diverse international business environment. Teorija in Praksa, 53(5), 1037–1050.
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Liu, N., & Zhang, Y. B. (2020). Warranting theory, stereotypes, and intercultural communication: U. S. Americans’ perceptions of a target Chinese on Facebook. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 77, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.04.005
Lukošiūtė, I. (2012). Kultūriniai stereotipai lietuvių pasakojamuose anekdotuose: žydas, čigonas, vokietis. Jaunųjų mokslininkų darbai, 1(34), 160–166.
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Meškauskaitė, M. (2014). Stereotipų galia šiandieninėje visuomenėje. Iš T. Tamošiūnas (Sud.), Cultural diversity, stereotypes: Destroy stereotypes not the people who fit them (pp. 4–12). Vilniaus kolegija.
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Bandyopadhyay, S., & Szostek, J. (2019). Thinking critically about critical thinking: Assessing critical thinking of business students using multiple measures. Journal of Education for Business, 94(4), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/08832323.2018.1524355
Bar-Tal, D. (1997). Formation and change of ethnic and national stereotypes: An integrative model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 21(4), 491–523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0147-1767(97)00022-9
Baraldsnes, Dž. (2012). Tarptautinė ir tarpkultūrinė komunikacija. Socialinių mokslų kolegija.
Bennett, M. J. (1998). Intercultural communication: A current perspective. In M. J. Bennett (Ed.), Basic concepts of intercultural communication: Selected readings (pp. 1–34). Intercultural Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0178
Bennett, M. J. (1993). Toward ethnorelativism: A developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In R. M. Paige (Ed.), Education for the intercultural experience (pp. 21–71). Intercultural Press.
Beresnevičius, G. (2010). Kūrybiškumo ir kūrybinio mąstymo edukacinės dimensijos [PhD/Doctoral Thesis, Šiauliai University]. Šiauliai, Lithuania. https://www.academia.edu/38310421/GB_disertacija_Kurybiskumo_ir_kurybinio_mastymo_edukacines_dimensijos_pdf
Bloch, J., & Spataro, S. E. (2016). Lessons from Scranton: Using scenes from the television series The Office to teach topics in professional communication. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Transactions on Professional Communication, 59(3), 274–287. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2016.2583300
Bye, H. H. (2020). Intergroup relations during the refugee crisis: Individual and cultural stereotypes and prejudices and their relationship with behavior toward asylum seekers. Frontiers in Psichology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612267
Chesnokova, V. L. (2015). Stereotipy v mezhkul’turnoj kommunikacii. Koncept, 4, 1–7.
Chew, III. W. L. (2006). What’s in a national stereotype? An introduction to imagology at the threshold of the 21st century. Language and Intercultural Communication, 6(3–4), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.2167/laic246.0
Ching, G. S., Chao, P.-Ch., Kuo, Y.-Sh., & Roberts, A. (2021). Effects of cognitive knowledge and intercultural behavioral skills on cultural stereotypes and intercultural affect: A case of elementary students’ perspective on Islam. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413102
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 61–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(07)00002-0
Darby, M. (2007). Debate: A teaching–learning strategy for developing competence in communication and critical thinking. Journal of Dental Hygiene, 81(4), 1–10.
Demir, M., Bacanlı, H., Tarhan, S., & Dombaycı, M. A. (2011). Quadruple thinking: Critical thinking. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 12, 545–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.02.066
Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A J. C., Glick, P., & Hu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878
Gudonienė, V. (2013). Tarpkultūrinė komunikacija. Socialinių mokslų kolegija.
Gul Unlu, D. (2021). Determining gender stereotype based on physical appearance expectations in interpersonal communication process: An intercultural comparison between Turkey and Portugal. Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.30935/ojcmt/9576
Gudžinskienė, V. (2006). Kritinio mąstymo įvairios interpretacijos ir jų analizė. Pedagogika, 81, 107–114.
Hiyasova, S. G., Mustafaeva, M. G., & Mustafaev, F. M. (2018). Reflection of prejudices and stereotypes in cross-cultural communication. Nauchnyj al’manah stran Prichernomor’ja, 15(3), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.23947/2414-1143-2018-15-3-23-29
Irimiaş, E. (2011). Behavioural stereotypes in intercultural communication. Acta Universitatis Sapientiae: Philologica, 3(2), 167–174.
Jančaitytė, R., Valavičienė, N., Augutienė, R., & Prakapas, R. (2009). Tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos didinimas bei įvairovės valdymo gebėjimų stiprinimas. Tarptautinė migracijos organizacija/Mykolo Romerio universitetas.
Jayaswal, S. (2009). Barriers to intercultural communication. Pragyaan: Mass Communication, 7(1), 12–19.
Jenifer, R. D., & Raman, G. P. (2015). Cross cultural communication barriers in workplace. International Journal of Management, 6(1), 332–335.
Kei, Sh. S., & Yazdanifard, R. (2015). The significance of intercultural communication for businesses and the obstacles that managers should overcome in achieving effective intercultural communication. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, (A) 15(4), 7–12.
Klooster, D. (2001). Kritinis mąstymas – kas tai? Permainos, 4, 36–40.
Korez Vide, R., & Jurše, M. (2016). The role of stereotyping in a culturally diverse international business environment. Teorija in Praksa, 53(5), 1037–1050.
Lemeire, O. (2021). Falsifying generic stereotypes. Philosophical Studies, 178, 2293–2312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11098-020-01555-3
Levickaitė, R. (2010). Kūrybingumo fenomenas kaip kompleksinio reiškinio evoliucija. LOGOS: religijos, filosofijos, komparatyvistikos ir meno žurnalas, 63, 201–212.
Lipmann, W. (1997). Public opinion. Free Press Paperbacks.
Liu, N., & Zhang, Y. B. (2020). Warranting theory, stereotypes, and intercultural communication: U. S. Americans’ perceptions of a target Chinese on Facebook. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 77, 83–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.04.005
Lukošiūtė, I. (2012). Kultūriniai stereotipai lietuvių pasakojamuose anekdotuose: žydas, čigonas, vokietis. Jaunųjų mokslininkų darbai, 1(34), 160–166.
Maljichi, D. (2019). Barriers of intercultural communication. Vizione, 32, 81–90.
Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, Th. K. (2017). Intercultural communication in contexts. McGraw Hill.
Myers, D. G. (2008). Socialinė psichologija. Poligrafija ir informatika.
Mel’nik, S. G. (1996). Mass Media: psihologicheskie processy i jeffekty. Izdatel’stvo Sankt-Petersburgskogo universiteta.
Meškauskaitė, M. (2014). Stereotipų galia šiandieninėje visuomenėje. Iš T. Tamošiūnas (Sud.), Cultural diversity, stereotypes: Destroy stereotypes not the people who fit them (pp. 4–12). Vilniaus kolegija.
Mgogo, Q., & Osunkunle, O. (2020). Intercultural communication challenges and its effect on students’ interpersonal relationships at a South African university. Journal of Human Ecology, 72(1–3), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.31901/24566608.2020/72.1-3.3272
Norvilienė, A. (2017). Studentų tarpkultūrinės kompetencijos tobulinimo(si) galimybės, studijuojant aukštojoje mokykloje. Šiuolaikinės visuomenės ugdymo veiksniai, 2, 91–111. https://doi.org/10.47459/svuv.2017.2.4
Nosich, G. (1996). Critical thinking works aspects handbook. New Orlean.
Nosich, G. M. (2011). Learning to think things through: A guide to critical thinking across the curriculum. Pearson.
Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Blackwell.
Papaurėlytė-Klovienė, S. (2010). Kaimyninių tautų atstovai ir jų nacionalinio charakterio specifika lietuvių kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje. Lietuvių kalba, 4, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15388/LK.2010.22855
Penkauskienė, D. (2016). Kritinio ir kūrybinio mąstymo sąsaja. Socialinė teorija, empirija, politika ir praktika, 13, 90–104. https://doi.org/10.15388/STEPP.2016.13.10045
Poškienė, A. (2011). Nauja paradigma – seni metodai ar sena paradigma – nauji metodai? Kalbų studijos, 18, 142–146.
Pruskus, V. (2010). Stereotipai ir jų devizualizacija tarpkultūrinėje komunikacijoje. Filosofija. Sociologija, 21(1), 29–36.
Pruskus, V. (2012). Tarpkultūrinė komunikacija ir vadyba. Technika.
Rimienė, V. (2006). Studentų kritinio mąstymo dispozicijų ir įgūdžių kaitos galimybės. Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia, 17, 78–85. https://doi.org/10.15388/ActPaed.2006.17.9687
Samašonok, K., Kamienas, E., Gegužienė, V., & Žirnelė, L. (2020). Studentų kūrybiškumo ugdymo(si) aukštojo mokslo studijose galimybės. Mokslas ir edukaciniai procesai, 1(30), 48–66.
Samovar, L. A., Porter, R. E., McDaniel, E. R., & Sexton Roy, C. (2015). Intercultural Communication: A reader. Cengage Learning.
Seeger, I., & Gustafsson, S. (2021). Barriers to intercultural communication – a case study on IKEA Japan [Master’s Thesis. Uppsala University]. Uppsala, Sweden. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1583487/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Suryandari, N. (2020). Role of stereotyping in intercultural communication. Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 25(1), 24–30.
Sutkutė, R. (2020). Islamo ir musulmonų reprezentacija kinematografijoje: filmų „Bėgantis paskui aitvarą“ ir „Nuolankumas“ analizė. Jaunųjų mokslininkų darbai, 50(2), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.21277/jmd.v50i2.293
Sutkutė, R. (2019). Islamofobija, musulmonų reprezentacija ir stereotipai Vakaruose po 9/11 įvykių. Jaunųjų mokslininkų darbai, 49(2), 36–49. https://doi.org/10.21277/jmd.v49i2.234
Suyundikova, M. K., Zhumataeva, E. O., Suyundikov, M. M., & Snopkova, E. I. (2021). Prerequisites defining the trajectory of creative thinking. The Education and Science Journal, 23(3), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2021-3-75-100
Toolshero. (2018). What is the stereotype content model? The theory explained. https://www.toolshero.com/communication-methods/stereotype-content-model-scm/
Urbiola, A., López-Rodríguez, L., Sánchez-Castelló, M., Navas, M., & Cuadrado, I. (2021). The way we see others in intercultural relations: The role of stereotypes in the acculturation preferences of Spanish and Moroccan-Origin adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.610644
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