Share:


Housing preference structures in East Asia: an empirical study and non-paradigmatic shifts between nearby metropoles

    Zheng-Yun Zhuang Affiliation
    ; Chen-Hua Fu Affiliation

Abstract

A systematic research flow was applied to the Southern Metropolis in Taiwan not only to recount residents’ considerations in this cultural area but also to compare them with those of other metropolitans on the island in relation to general housing concerns. The constructs and factors in housing decision-making were justified using the literature, confirmed with experts in the field, and organised as a decision hierarchy that formed the foundation of a survey. The investigation combined the analytic hierarchy process and Student’s t-test, both of which are credible methods, to facilitate a grounded process for mind mining. The importance of constructs/factors were thus assessed on a numerical basis, and a set of unforeseen insights were explored for the different parties of interest (e.g., buyers, construction companies, agents, asset managers, etc.). Opinion gaps between different sample groups were identified. This set of empirical knowledge filled the gap in the literature. It is noteworthy that among the constructs in the region studied, (housing) ‘conditions’ dominated ‘price’, while ‘location and transport’ was the least important. A ‘non-paradigmatic shift’ in people’s total housing preference structure, which changed gradually with decreasing population density and increasing plain geography from the north to the south between nearby metropoles, was observed, despite the niche but commensurable cultural norm in East Asia being the overall scenario of the island. Some existing claims about the housing preferences in this area were also either supported or rebutted by the quantitative evidence(s).

Keyword : inhabitants and housing, decision making, preference structure, empirical survey, constructs and factors, East Asia

How to Cite
Zhuang, Z.-Y., & Fu, C.-H. (2023). Housing preference structures in East Asia: an empirical study and non-paradigmatic shifts between nearby metropoles. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 27(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2023.18628
Published in Issue
Mar 6, 2023
Abstract Views
560
PDF Downloads
484
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Abastante, F., Lami, I. M., & Mecca, B. (2020). How Covid-19 influences the 2030 Agenda: do the practices of achieving the Sustainable Development Goal 11 need rethinking and adjustment? Journal Valori e Valutazioni, 26, 11–23. https://doi.org/10.48264/VVSIEV-20202603

Aguarón, J., Escobar, M. T., Moreno-Jiménez, J. M., & Turón, A. (2019). AHP-group decision making based on consistency. Mathematics, 7(3), 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/math7030242

Akaa, O. U., Abu, A., Spearpoint, M., & Giovinazzi, S. (2016). A group-AHP decision analysis for the selection of applied fire protection to steel structures. Fire Safety Journal, 86, 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.10.005

Amenta, P., Lucadamo, A., & Marcarelli, G. (2021). On the choice of weights for aggregating judgments in non-negotiable AHP group decision making. European Journal of Operational Research, 288(1), 294–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2020.05.048

Aulia, D. N., & Chrisen, K. (2020). Housing preference of small-scale gated community residents in Medan City, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 452(1), 012075. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/452/1/012075

Batista, P., & Marques, J. L. (2021, September). Automated housing price valuation and spatial data. In International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (pp. 366–381). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86973-1_26

Baum, A. E., & Hartzell, D. (2020). Real estate investment: strategies, structures, decisions. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119526124

Berkman, E. T., & Reise, S. P. (2012). Chapter 5: one- and two-sample t-tests. In A conceptual guide to statistics using SPSS (pp. 51–72). Sage Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506335254.n5

Bernasconi, M., Choirat, C., & Seri, R. (2010). The analytic hierarchy process and the theory of measurement. Management Science, 56(4), 699–711. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1090.1123

Bian, T., Hu, J., & Deng, Y. (2017). Identifying influential nodes in complex networks based on AHP. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 479, 422–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.02.085

Bispinck, H. (2012). Real estate investment decision making – a review. Journal of Property Investment and Finance, 30(5), 529–544. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpif.2012.11230eaa.002

Bowes, A., Dar, N., & Sim, D. (1997). Tenure preference and housing strategy: an exploration of Pakistani experiences. Housing Studies, 12(1), 63–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673039708720883

Box, J. F. (1987). Guinness, Gosset, Fisher, and small samples. Statistical Science, 2(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177013437

Chang, C.-L. (2000). A study on house selection model – a case study in Tainan City [Master thesis, Master Program in Business and Operations Management]. Chang Jung Christian University.

Chen, D.-J. (2014). The study on regional characteristics of market and product positioning for Taichung City housing [Master thesis]. Graduate Institute of Global Business and Strategy, National Taiwan Normal University. http://rportal.lib.ntnu.edu.tw:80/handle/2.50.12235/94549

Chen, H.-H. (2020a). Over 40,000 per square kilometre: the most crowded place in Taiwan. Apple Online. https://tw.appledaily.com/property/20201128/GL23IF65NNEFZLEWPKXKR6RM6I/ (in Chinese)

Chen, P.-H. (2020b). Exploring preference ranking for house transfer inspection using AHP [Master thesis]. Graduate Institute of Construction Engineering and Management, National Central University.

Chen, R.-F., & Yu, B.-W. (2019). Feng Shui and public construction on the purchase intention for real estate – a case study of Kaohsiung residents. Department of Business Administration Upload, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology. http://dba.nkust.edu.tw/uploads/asset/data/5dc50178841a8e291e000019/2019-48%E9%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%88%87%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD%E5%B0%8D%E8%B3%BC%E5%B1%8B%E6%84%8F%E9%A1%98%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E4%B9%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6-%E4%BB%A5%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E5%B8%82%E5%B1%85%E6%B0%91%E7%82%BA%E4%BE%8B.pdf

Chenwi, L. (2021). Housing for persons with disabilities in South Africa. International Journal of Housing Policy, 21(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/19491247.2020.1805145

Chi, L. P., Fu, C. H., Chyng, J. P., Zhuang, Z. Y., & Huang, J. H. (2019). A post-training study on the budgeting criteria set and priority for MALE UAS design. Sustainability, 11(6), 1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11061798

Chutia, R. (2021). A novel method of ranking intuitionistic fuzzy numbers using value and θ multiple of ambiguity at flexibility parameters. Soft Computing, 25, 13297–13314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-021-06102-8

Commissioner for Human Rights. (2020). The right to affordable housing: Europe’s neglected duty. Council of Europe. https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/-/the-right-to-affordable-housing-europe-s-neglected-duty

Darko, A., Chan, A. P. C., Ameyaw, E. E., Owusu, E. K., Pärn, E., & Edwards, D. J. (2019). Review of application of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) in construction. International Journal of Construction Management, 19(5), 436–452. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2018.1452098

Data.gov.tw. (2021). Population densities in cities, townships and villages. National Development Council, Republic of China (Taiwan). https://data.gov.tw/dataset/8410 (in Chinese)

Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2019). Population dynamics – world population prospects 2019. United Nation. https://population.un.org/wpp/

Department of Household Registration. (2021). Household registration statistics data analysis in June 2021. Ministry of the Interior, Republic of China (Taiwan). https://www.ris.gov.tw/app/en/2121?sn=21190225

Dong, Q., & Cooper, O. (2016). An orders-of-magnitude AHP supply chain risk assessment framework. International Journal of Production Economics, 182, 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2016.08.021

Dweiri, F., Kumar, S., Khan, S. A., & Jain, V. (2016). Designing an integrated AHP based decision support system for supplier selection in automotive industry. Expert Systems with Applications, 62, 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2016.06.030

Erdogan, S. A., Šaparauskas, J., & Turskis, Z. (2017). Decision making in construction management: AHP and expert choice approach. Procedia Engineering, 172, 270–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.111

FBS Real Estate King. (2020). Transportation and life functions are in place at one time: 5 favorite districts for self-living estates in Taipei. FBS Network Technologies. https://www.fbs168.com/?md=index&cl=selected&at=selected_article&id=1666 (in Chinese)

Fienberg, S. E., & Lazar, N. (2001). William Sealy Gosset. In Statisticians of the centuries (pp. 312–317). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0179-0_67

French, N. (2001). Decision theory and real estate investment: an analysis of the decision‐making processes of real estate investment fund managers. Managerial and Decision Economics, 22(7), 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.1029

Fu, C. H., Tsao, M. W., Chi, L. P., & Zhuang, Z. Y. (2021). On the dominant factors of civilian-use drones: a thorough study and analysis of cross-group opinions using a Triple Helix Model (THM) with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Drones, 5(2), 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/drones5020046

Garg, H., & Rani, D. (2022). An efficient intuitionistic fuzzy MULTIMOORA approach based on novel aggregation operators for the assessment of solid waste management techniques. Applied Intelligence, 52, 4330–4363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10489-021-02541-w

Gerald, B. (2018). A brief review of independent, dependent and one sample t-test. International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, 4(2), 50–54. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijamtp.20180402.13

Gong, Z., & Fan, L. (2021). Three-way multi-attribute decision making based on outranking relations under intuitionistic fuzzy environments. Symmetry, 13(8), 1384. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13081384

Han, Y., Wang, Z., Lu, X., & Hu, B. (2020). Application of AHP to road selection. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(2), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9020086

Hillerman, T., Souza, J. C. F., Reis, A. C. B., & Carvalho, R. N. (2017). Applying clustering and AHP methods for evaluating suspect healthcare claims. Journal of Computational Science, 19, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocs.2017.02.007

History.com Editors. (2018). 1999 Taiwan earthquake. https://www.history.com/topics/natural-disasters-and-environment/1999-taiwan-earthquake

Ho, C.-Y. (2009). Middle-class demand for self-use residential properties – Kaohsiung City study [Master thesis, Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA)]. National Sun Yat-Sen University.

Ho, C.-Z. (2016). Research into the effect of public construction on the purchase intention for real estate – using Kaohsiung main public library as an example [Master thesis]. Department of Real Estate Management, National Ping-Tung University.

Ho, H.-P., Chang, C.-T., & Ku, C.-Y. (2013). On the location selection problem using analytic hierarchy process and multi-choice goal programming. International Journal of Systems Science, 44(1), 94–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207721.2011.581397

Ho, H. P., Lin, Y. C., Fu, C. J., & Chang, C. T. (2022). On the personal diet considering qualitative and quantitative issues. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 164, 107857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2021.107857

HouseFun News. (2020). Novices are most afraid of buying the wrong house – “With these 5 conditions” is safe according to expert analysis. How-Fun International Co. Ltd. https://news.housefun.com.tw/news/article/144982268596.html (in Chinese)

Hsiang, C.-K. (2015). A study of affecting factors on the decision making of house purchasing – a case study in Kaohsiung [Master thesis]. Department of Civil Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology.

Hsieh, M.-J. (2015a). Marketing strategy in the housing market downturn. https://tw.stock.yahoo.com/news/%E6%9C%AC%E5%A0%B1%E7%89%B9%E7%A8%BF-%E6%88%BF%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%8D%E6%99%AF%E6%B0%A3%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%8C%E9%8A%B7%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5-%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%AB%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87-%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%BF%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83%E8%B3%87%E6%B7%B1%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F-%E8%AC%9D%E6%98%8E%E7%91%9E-015500838--finance.html (in Chinese)

Hsieh, M.-J. (2015b). Location selection in the housing market downturn. National Policy Foundation. https://www.npf.org.tw/2/15504 (in Chinese)

Huang, C.-Y. (2016). The effect of green park to housing price in Kaohsiung City [Master thesis]. Department of Real Estate Management, National Ping-Tung University.

Hung, C.-C. (2003). Influential factors on consumer’s purchasing-house consideration: a case study in Pingtung County [Master thesis]. Department of Business and Entrepreneurial Management, Kainan University.

Imbens, G. W., & Lancaster, T. (1996). Efficient estimation and stratified sampling. Journal of Econometrics, 74(2), 289–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(95)01756-9

IWC Media. (2021). Our shows: location, location, location. Channel Four Television Corporation. https://iwcmedia.co.uk/shows/location-location-location

Ishizaka, A., & Labib, A. (2011). Review of the main developments in the analytic hierarchy process. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(11), 14336–14345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.143

Izuhara, M. (2010). Housing wealth and family reciprocity in East Asia. In M. Izuhara (Ed.), Ageing and intergenerational relations: family reciprocity from a global perspective (pp. 77–94). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.46692/9781847422064.006

Jansen, S. J., Coolen, H. C., & Goetgeluk, R. W. (Eds.). (2011). The measurement and analysis of housing preference and choice. Springer Science & Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8894-9

Jiang, H., & Hu, B. Q. (2021). A decision-theoretic fuzzy rough set in hesitant fuzzy information systems and its application in multi-attribute decision-making. Information Sciences, 579, 103–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2021.07.094

Jin, X., Ji, Y., & Qu, S. (2021). Minimum cost strategic weight assignment for multiple attribute decision-making problem using robust optimization approach. Computational and Applied Mathematics, 40(6), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-021-01583-7

Jun, M. J. (2013). The effects of housing preference for an apartment on residential location choice in Seoul: a random bidding land use simulation approach. Land Use Policy, 35, 395–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2013.06.011

Kahraman, C., Onar, S. C., & Oztaysi, B. (2015). Fuzzy multicriteria decision-making: a literature review. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, 8(4), 637–666. https://doi.org/10.1080/18756891.2015.1046325

Kalpić, D., Hlupić, N., & Lovrić, M. (2011). Student’s t-tests. In Lovric, M. (Ed.), International encyclopedia of statistical science. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_641

Karaman, A. S., & Akman, E. (2018). Taking-off corporate social responsibility programs: an AHP application in airline industry. Journal of Air Transport Management, 68, 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.06.012

Karsten, L. (2007). Housing as a way of life: towards an understanding of middle-class families’ preference for an urban residential location. Housing Studies, 22(1), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673030601024630

Khan, A., Jan, A. U., Amin, F., & Zeb, A. (2022). Multiple attribute decision-making based on cubical fuzzy aggregation operators. Granular Computing, 7, 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41066-021-00273-3

Khan, P. A. M., Azmi, A., Juhari, N. H., Khair, N., & Daud, S. Z. (2017). Housing preference for first time home buyer in Malaysia. International Journal of Real Estate Studies, 11(2), 1–6.

Klutho, S. (2013). Mathematical decision making: an overview of the analytic hierarchy process. Whitman College. https://www.whitman.edu/Documents/Academics/Mathematics/Klutho.pdf

Kokangül, A., Polat, U., & Dağsuyu, C. (2017). A new approximation for risk assessment using the AHP and Fine Kinney methodologies. Safety Science, 91, 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.07.015

Lai, H.-J. (2007). The construction of decision-making model for housing purchase – the case of town house in Taichung City [Master thesis, MBA]. Chaoyang University of Technology. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/7utp3h

Lee, J. (2003). Is there an east Asian housing culture? Contrasting housing systems of Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and South Korea. The Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 2(1), 3–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15339114.2003.9678369

Leh, O. L. H., Mansor, N. A., & Musthafa, S. N. A. M. (2017). The housing preference of young people in Malaysian urban areas: a case study Subang Jaya, Selangor. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 12(7), 60–74.

LeJu. (2019). Area housing section – Introduction to the market in San-Chong. https://www.leju.com.tw/page_blog/view/385 (in Chinese)

Li, J.-Y. (2017). The big difference between the north and the south (in Taiwan) – It turns out that these people support the transportation volume of MRT in Kaohsiung. CM Media. https://www.cmmedia.com.tw/home/articles/4485 (in Chinese)

Li, W., Yu, S., Pei, H., Zhao, C., & Tian, B. (2017). A hybrid approach based on fuzzy AHP and 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic method for evaluation in-flight service quality. Journal of Air Transport Management, 60, 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2017.01.006

Lin, S.-J., & Shieh, W.-S. (2000). The tax effects for tenure choice of housing in Taiwan: a reply. Journal of Housing Studies (ROC, Taiwan), 9(2), 155–158.

Lin, Y.-P. (2003). A knowledge-based decision support system for customer’s expected preferences of housing market product consumption [Master thesis]. Department of Architecture, Chaoyang University of Technology.

Lin, S. H., Hsu, C. C., Zhong, T., He, X., Li, J. H., Tzeng, G. H., & Hsieh, J. C. (2021). Exploring location determinants of Asia’s unique beverage shops based on a hybrid MADM model. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 25(4), 291–315. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.14796

Mackie, P. K. (2015). Homelessness prevention and the Welsh legal duty: lessons for international policies. Housing Studies, 30(1), 40–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2014.927055

Majumder, P., Baidya, D., & Majumder, M. (2021). Application of novel intuitionistic fuzzy BWAHP process for analysing the efficiency of water treatment plant. Neural Computing and Applications, 33, 17389–17405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06326-7

Marr, B. (2016). Big data in practice: how 45 successful companies used big data analytics to deliver extraordinary results. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119278825

Marques, J. L., Batista, P., Castro, E. A., & Bhattacharjee, A. (2020). Housing consumption: a territorial analysis of housing market drivers. In Anthropological approaches to understanding consumption patterns and consumer behavior (pp. 265–285). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3115-0.ch015

McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T. H., Patil, D. J., & Barton, D. (2012). Big data: the management revolution. Harvard Business Review, 90(10), 61–67.

McDonald, P. (2008). Explanations of low fertility in East Asia: a comparative perspective. In Ultra-low fertility in Pacific Asia (pp. 41–57). Routledge.

Meier, B. P., Moller, A. C., Chen, J. J., & Riemer-Peltz, M. (2011). Spatial metaphor and real estate: North–south location biases housing preference. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(5), 547–553. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611401042

Mishra, A. R., Mardani, A., Rani, P., Kamyab, H., & Alrasheedi, M. (2021). A new intuitionistic fuzzy combinative distance-based assessment framework to assess low-carbon sustainable suppliers in the maritime sector. Energy, 237, 121500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121500

MyHousing. (2020). Fashion, luxury and aesthetics are ramming the stylish small mansions in Linkou. https://www.myhousing.com.tw/category/magazine/monthly/ (in Chinese)

Muneeb, S. M., Siddiquei, M. I., Dubey, P., & Kumar, S. (2021). A decision-making model under uncertainty for advertisement allocation problem with multiple objectives. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 2, 230–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2021.07.009

National Statistics. (2022). Population density (end of year, persons per square kilometer). Republic of China (Taiwan). https://eng.stat.gov.tw/Point.aspx?sid=t.9&n=4208&sms=11713

Ni, Y., Zhao, H., Xu, Z., & Wang, Z. (2022). Multiple attribute decision-making method based on projection model for dual hesitant fuzzy set. Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making, 21, 263–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10700-021-09366-9

Nikou, S., & Mezei, J. (2013). Evaluation of mobile services and substantial adoption factors with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Telecommunications Policy, 37(10), 915–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2012.09.007

Nunes, P., & Nijkamp, P. (2007). Economic valuation, values and contingent method: an overview. In M. Deakin, G. Mitchell, P. Nijkamp, & R. Vreeker (Eds.), Sustainable urban development: Vol. 2. The environmental assessment methods (pp. 158–190). Routledge.

Olanrewaju, A. L., & Idrus, A. (2019). What is determining affordable housing shortages in the Greater Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia? Property Management, 38(1), 52–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/PM-05-2019-0025

Olson, D. L. (1996). The analytic hierarchy process. In Decision aids for selection problems (pp. 49–68). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3982-6_5

Pan, F.-T. (2011). The factors of house-purchasing decision in New Taipei City [Master thesis]. Department of Business Management, Tatung University. https://hdl.handle.net/11296/72frv4

Prakash, C., & Barua, M. K. (2015). Integration of AHP-TOPSIS method for prioritizing the solutions of reverse logistics adoption to overcome its barriers under fuzzy environment. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 37, 599–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2015.03.001

Qiu, Y.-L. (2016). The influence of building materials on purchase intention – the case of real estate in Kaohsiung City [Master thesis, Executive Master of Business Administration (EMBA)]. National Sun Yat-Sen University.

Quaglio, C., Todella, E., & Lami, I. M. (2021). Adequate housing and COVID-19: assessing the potential for value creation through the project. Sustainability, 13(19), 10563. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910563

Rahadi, R. A., Rahmawati, D., Fitrianda, S., & Handayani, A. P. (2021). Millennials residential preferences in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 24(2), 43–53.

Rahadi, R. A., Wiryono, S. K., Koesrindartoto, D. P., & Syamwil, I. B. (2015). Factors influencing the price of housing in Indonesia. International Journal of Housing Markets and Analysis, 8(2), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHMA-04-2014-0008

Rahman, K. (2022). Mathematical calculation of the COVID-19 disease in Pakistan by emergency response modeling based on intuitionistic fuzzy decision process. New Mathematics and Natural Computation, 18(2), 407–447. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793005722500211

Rahman, A. U., Saeed, M., Alodhaibi, S. S., & Khalifa, H. A. E. W. (2021). Decision making algorithmic approaches based on parameterization of neutrosophic set under hypersoft set environment with fuzzy, intuitionistic fuzzy and neutrosophic settings. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, 128(2), 743–777. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2021.016736

Rajagopal, B. (2020). Special Rapporteur on the right to adequate housing. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Housing/Pages/HousingIndex.aspx

Richter, D., & Hoffmann, H. (2017). Preference for independent housing of persons with mental disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 44(6), 817–823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-017-0791-4

Rog, D. J. (2004). The evidence on supported housing. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27(4), 334–344. https://doi.org/10.2975/27.2004.334.344

Roscelli, R. (2014). Manuale di estimo: valutazioni economiche ed esercizio della professione [Valuation manual: economic evaluations and exercise of the profession]. UTET Università, Novara, Italy.

Saaty, T. L. (1977). A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 15(3), 234–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-2496(77)90033-5

Saaty, T. L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process. McGrow-Hill. https://doi.org/10.21236/ADA214804

Saaty, T. L. (1990). How to make a decision: the analytic hierarchy process. European Journal of Operational Research, 48(1), 9–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(90)90057-I

Saaty, T. L. (2003). Decision-making with the AHP: why is the principal eigenvector necessary. European Journal of Operational Research, 145(1), 85–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(02)00227-8

Samuel, O. W., Asogbon, G. M., Sangaiah, A. K., Fang, P., & Li, G. (2017). An integrated decision support system based on ANN and Fuzzy AHP for heart failure risk prediction. Expert Systems with Applications, 68, 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2016.10.020

Schmidt, K., Babac, A., Pauer, F., Damm, K., & von der Schulenburg, J. (2016). Measuring patients’ priorities using the Analytic Hierarchy Process in comparison with Best-Worst-Scaling and rating cards: methodological aspects and ranking tasks. Health Economics Review, 6(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13561-016-0130-6

Sidoti, C. (1997). Housing as a human right. Commonwealth of Australia.

Singh, D., & Rao, R. (2011). A hybrid multiple attribute decision making method for solving problems of industrial environment. International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations, 2(3), 631–644. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijiec.2011.02.001

Sirgy, M. J., Grzeskowiak, S., & Su, C. (2005). Explaining housing preference and choice: the role of self-congruity and functional congruity. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 20(4), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-005-9020-7

Stellin, G., & Rosato, P. (1998). La valutazione economica dei beni ambientali: metodologia e casi di studio [The economic evaluation of environmental goods: methodology and case studies]. CittàStudi, Torino, Italy.

Szulecka, J., & Zalazar, E. M. (2017). Forest plantations in Paraguay: historical developments and a critical diagnosis in a SWOT-AHP framework. Land Use Policy, 60, 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.11.001

Tamošaitienė, J., Sarvari, H., Cristofaro, M., & Chan, D. W. (2021). Identifying and prioritizing the selection criteria of appropriate repair and maintenance methods for commercial buildings. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 25(5), 413–431. https://doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2021.15225

Tanzman, B. (1993). An overview of surveys of mental health consumers’ preferences for housing and support services. Psychiatric Services, 44(5), 450–455. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.44.5.450

Tavana, M., Shaabani, A., Di Caprio, D., & Amiri, M. (2021). An integrated and comprehensive fuzzy multicriteria model for supplier selection in digital supply chains. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 2, 149–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2021.07.008

Teng, C.-Y. (2012). An exploratory study of decision-making process for housing purchase – the construction of critical decision points [Master thesis, EMBA]. Tamkang University.

Trost, J. E. (1986). Statistically nonrepresentative stratified sampling: a sampling technique for qualitative studies. Qualitative Sociology, 9(1), 54–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988249

Turgut, Y., & Erdogan, Z. M. (2020, August 14–15). Metaheuristic hybridization: a case study for nurse scheduling. In Global Joint Conference on Industrial Engineering and Its Application Areas (GJCIE) (pp. 393–406). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76724-2_29

Trump, D. (2015). 500 Donald Trump quotes. Quoteswise. http://www.quoteswise.com/donald-trump-quotes-11.html

United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. (2015). The Geneva UN Charter on Sustainable Housing. https://unece.org/DAM/hlm/charter/Language_versions/ENG_Geneva_UN_Charter.pdf

UN-Habitat. (2014). The right to adequate housing: fact sheet No. 21/Rev. 1. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/documents/2019-05/fact_sheet_21_adequate_housing_final_2010.pdf

UN-Habitat. (2021). Cities and pandemics: towards a more just, green and healthy future. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2021/03/cities_and_pandemics-towards_a_more_just_green_and_healthy_future_un-habitat_2021.pdf

UN-Stats. (2021). Demographic yearbook – 2021. In Demographic yearbook system. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/products/dyb/

Verhetsel, A., Kessels, R., Zijlstra, T., & Van Bavel, M. (2017). Housing preferences among students: collective housing versus individual accommodations? A stated preference study in Antwerp (Belgium). Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 32(3), 449–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-016-9522-5

Wang, H., Liu, Y., Liu, F., & Lin, J. (2021). Multiple attribute decision-making method based upon intuitionistic fuzzy partitioned dual Maclaurin symmetric mean operators. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, 14, 154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-021-00002-3

Wang, Y. P., & Murie, A. (2011). The new affordable and social housing provision system in China: implications for comparative housing studies. International Journal of Housing Policy, 11(3), 237–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2011.599130

Wikipedia Cantonese. (2021). Population density by country. https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%BD (in Chinese)

Wikipedia Traditional Chinese. (2021). Population density statistics by administrative regions in the Taiwan area. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E8%A1%A8 (in Chinese)

Wind, Y., & Saaty, T. L. (1980). Marketing applications of the analytic hierarchy process. Management Science, 26(7), 641–658. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.26.7.641

Wu, F. (2010). Housing environment preference of young consumers in Guangzhou, China: using the analytic hierarchy process. Property Management, 28(3), 174–192. https://doi.org/10.1108/02637471011051318

Wu, S., Zhang, Y., & Zhuang, Z. Y. (2018). A systematic initial study of civic scientific literacy in China: cross-national comparable results from scientific cognition to sustainable literacy. Sustainability, 10(9), 3129. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093129

Wulff, M. (2008). An overview of Australian housing and locational preference studies: choices & constraints on the housing market. Urban Policy and Research, 11(4), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/08111149308551576

Xue, W., Xu, Z., & Mi, X. (2021). Solving hesitant fuzzy linguistic matrix game problems for multiple attribute decision making with prospect theory. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 161, 107619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2021.107619

Yang, J.-S. (2009). The cause-effect analysis of real estate value – a case study on Tucheng Line of Taipei mass rapid transit systems [Master thesis]. Department of Transportation Management, Tamkang University.

Yazdi, A. K., Wanke, P. F., Hanne, T., Abdi, F., & Sarfaraz, A. H. (2022). Supplier selection in the oil & gas industry: a comprehensive approach for multi-criteria decision analysis. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 79, 101142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2021.101142

Yi, C., & Lee, S. (2014). An empirical analysis of the characteristics of residential location choice in the rapidly changing Korean housing market. Cities, 39, 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2014.03.002

Yuhaniz, M., & Jusan, M. M. (2016). The role and activities of Malay housewives and their influence on housing design preferences. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 222, 720–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.233

Zarbakhshnia, N., Wu, Y., Govindan, K., & Soleimani, H. (2020). A novel hybrid multiple attribute decision-making approach for outsourcing sustainable reverse logistics. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118461

Zhang, J.-Z. (2021). People in Kaohsiung are not interested to take the MRT: the reasons will be analogous for Tainan, according to the passenger comments. The Official Website of Now-News. https://www.nownews.com/news/5344811 (in Chinese)

Zhuang, Z.-Y., Chiang, I.-J., Su, C.-R., & Chen, C.-Y. (2017). Modelling the decision of paper shredder selection using analytic hierarchy process and graph theory and matrix approach. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 9(12), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814017737668

Zhuang, Z.-Y., Lin, C.-C., Chen, C.-Y., & Su, C.-R. (2018). Rank-based comparative research flow benchmarking the effectiveness of AHP–GTMA on aiding decisions of shredder selection by reference to AHP–TOPSIS. Applied Sciences, 8(10), 1974. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8101974

Zhuang, Z.-Y., Su, C.-R., & Chang, S.-C. (2019). The effectiveness of IF-MADM (intuitionistic-fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making) for group decisions: methods and an empirical assessment for the selection of a senior centre. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 25(2), 322–364. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.8399

Zhuang, Z.-Y., & Yu, V. F. (2021). Analyzing the effects of the new labor law on outpatient nurse scheduling with law-fitting modeling and case studies. Expert Systems with Applications, 180, 115103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2021.115103