Share:


Construction change order management project support system utilizing Delphi method

    Khalid K. Naji Affiliation
    ; Murat Gunduz Affiliation
    ; Ayman F. Naser Affiliation

Abstract

Change orders are a major challenge in the construction industry due to the associated time and cost impacts. Thus, managing change effectively assists in alleviating cost overruns and delays. Avoiding change orders and controlling them during project phases requires comprehensive research on the factors affecting the change orders management (COM) performance. This study contributes to existing knowledge by introducing a COM performance measurement framework to help construction professionals evaluate, track, and manage COM performance. A comprehensive literature review, personal meetings, and the Delphi technique are utilized to identify 49 performance factors, categorized into 7 COM groups. 13 Delphi panel members are selected according to purposive sampling technique. The collected data are examined through normality and reliability tests and then analyzed by Spearman’s correlation coefficient, score percentage, and the mean to standard deviation ratio to decide whether to continue with the Delphi method. Consensus between the panelists is reached after the second round of Delphi by the utilization of nonparametric statistical tests. The Delphi study results are followed up by measuring the inter-rater agreement (IRA) and ranking the COM performance factors using the sum rank weighting method. Finally, an operational support system framework that takes into consideration the project life cycle of a project is developed to manage and control these factors to decrease disputes between project parties that occur due to improper COM performance.

Keyword : change orders management, Delphi study, construction project management, project success factors, change order risk assessment, planning, project sustainability, key performance indicators, cost overrun, time overrun, risk management

How to Cite
Naji, K. K., Gunduz, M., & Naser, A. F. (2022). Construction change order management project support system utilizing Delphi method. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 28(7), 564–589. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2022.17203
Published in Issue
Sep 6, 2022
Abstract Views
1390
PDF Downloads
1118
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Abad, F., Eshtehardian, E., & Taghizade, K. (2019). Framework for proactive change management: Assessing the risk of change in construction projects using fuzzy fault tree analysis. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 25(2), 04019010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000358

Alaryan, A. (2014). Causes and effects of change orders on construction projects in Kuwait. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, 4(7), 1–8.

Al-Dubaisi, A. H. (2000). Change orders in construction projects in Saudi Arabia [Master’s thesis]. King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Saudi Arabia.

Al-Kofahi, Z., Mahdavian, A., & Oloufa, A. (2020). System dynamics modeling approach to quantify change orders impact on labor productivity 1: principles and model development comparative study. International Journal of Construction Management, 22(7), 1355–1366. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2020.1711494

Alleman, D., Antoine, A. L., Stanford, M. S., & Molenaar, K. R. (2020). Project delivery methods’ change-order types and magnitudes experienced in highway construction. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 12(2), 04520006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000380

Alnuaimi, A., Taha, R., Al Mohsin, M., & Al-Harthi, A. (2010). Causes, effects, benefits, and remedies of change orders on public construction projects in Oman. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(5), 615–622. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000154

Alomari, K. A., Gambatese, J. A., & Tymvios, N. (2018). Risk perception comparison among construction safety professionals: Delphi perspective. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 144(12), 04018107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001565

Ameyaw, E., Hu, Y., Shan, M., Chan, A., & Yun, L. (2016). Application of Delphi method in construction engineering and management research: A quantitative perspective. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 22(8), 991–1000. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.945953

Anees, M., Mohamed, H., & Abdel Razek, M. (2013). Evaluation of change management efficiency of construction contractors. Housing and Building National Research Centre Journal, 9, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.02.005

Arain, F., & Pheng, L. (2005a). The potential effects of variation orders on institutional building projects. Facilities, 23(11/12), 496–510. https://doi.org/10.1108/02632770510618462

Arain, F., & Pheng, L. (2005b). How design consultants perceive causes of variation orders for institutional buildings in Singapore. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 1(3), 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2005.9684592

Arain, F., & Pheng, L. (2006). Knowledge-based decision support system for management of variation orders for institutional building projects. Automation in Construction, 15, 272–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2005.06.005

Arain F., & Pheng, L. (2007). Modeling for management of variations in building projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 14(5), 420–433. https://doi.org/10.1108/09699980710780737

Arain, F., Assaf, A., & Low, S. (2004). Causes of discrepancies between design and construction. Architectural Science Review, 47(3), 237–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2000.9697530

Arcadis. (2019). Global construction disputes report 2019: Laying the foundation for success. https://media.arcadis.com/-/media/project/arcadiscom/com/perspectives/global/2020/global-construction-disputes-2020/global-construction-disputes-report-2019.pdf?rev=-1

Blumberg, B. F., Cooper, D. R., & Schindler, P. S. (2014). Business research methods. McGraw-Hill.

Brown, R., & Hauenstein, N. (2005). Interrater agreement reconsidered: An alternative to the RWG indices. Organizational Research Methods, 8(2), 165–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105275376

Castillo, T., Alarcón, L. F., & Pellicer, E. (2018). Finding differences among construction companies management practices and their relation to project performance. Journal of Management in Engineering, 34(3), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000606

Chan, A. P. C., Wong, F. K. W., Hon, C. K. H., Ali Javed, A., & Lyu, S. (2017). Construction safety and health problems of ethnic minority workers in Hong Kong. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 24(6), 901–919. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2015-0143

Charkhakan, M. H., & Heravi, G. (2019). Evaluating the preventability of conflicts arising from change occurrence in construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 26(8), 1777–1800. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2018-0361

Choi, K., Yin, Y., Goehl, D., & Jeong, H. D. (2020). Alternative contracting methods: Modeling and assessing the effects of contract type on time-cost-change performance. Journal of Management in Engineering, 37(1), 04020096. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000863

Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research methods in education. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315456539

Construction Industry Institute. (2012). CII best practices guide, improving project performance, version 4.0. https://www.sig.org/docs2/CII_Best_Practices_Guide_Improving_Project_Performance.pdf?docID=9415

Construction Industry Institute. (2017). Change management. https://www.construction-institute.org/resources/knowledgebase/best-practices/change-management

Du, J., El-Gafy, M., & Zhao, D. (2016). Optimization of change order management process with object-oriented discrete event simulation: Case study. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 142(4), 05015018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001092

Du, J., Jing, H., Castro-Lacouture, D., & Sugumaran, V. (2019). Multi-agent simulation for managing design changes in prefabricated construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27(1), 270–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-11-2018-0524

Dupras, C., Birko, S., Affdal, A. O., Haidar, H., Lemoine, M. E., & Ravitsky, V. (2020). Governing the futures of non-invasive prenatal testing: An exploration of social acceptability using the Delphi method. Social Science & Medicine, 304, 112930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112930

Durdyev, S. (2021), Review of construction journals on causes of project cost overruns. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 28(4), 1241–1260. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-02-2020-0137

Egan, J., Seder, J., & Anderson, D. (2012). Practices in construction change order management. Cost Engineering, 12–17. https://studylib.net/doc/25270827/practices-in-construction-change-order-management

El-Sabek, L., & McCabe, B. (2018). Framework for managing integration challenges of last planner system in IMPs. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 144(5), 04018022. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001468

Ghodrati, N., Wing Yiu, T., Wilkinson, S., & Shahbazpour, M. (2018). Role of management strategies in improving labor productivity in general construction projects in New Zealand: Managerial perspective. Journal of Management in Engineering, 34(6), 04018035. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000641

Graham, M., Milanowski, A., & Miller, J. (2018). Measuring and promoting inter-rater agreement of teacher and principal performance ratings. Center for Education Compensation Reform.

Gunduz, M., & Elsherbeny, H. (2020). Operational framework for managing construction-contract administration practitioners’ perspective through modified Delphi method. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 146(3), 04019110. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001768

Gunduz, M., & Elsherbeny, H. A. (2021). Critical assessment of contract administration using multidimensional fuzzy logic approach. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 147(2), 04020162. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001975

Gunduz, M., & Khan, O. (2018). Effective framework for change order management using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Gazi University Journal of Science, 31(4).

Gunduz, M., & Mohammad, K. (2020). Assessment of change order impact factors on construction project performance using analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 26(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.11262

Gunduz, M., & Tehemar, S. (2020). Assessment of delay factors in construction of sport facilities through multi criteria decision making. Production Planning & Control, 31(15), 1291–1302. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1704903

Gunduz, M., Nielsen, Y., & Ozdemir, M. (2015). Fuzzy assessment model to estimate the probability of delay in Turkish construction projects. Journal of Management in Engineering, 31(4), 04014055. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000261

Gündüz, M., Nielsen, Y., & Özdemir, M. (2013). Quantification of delay factors using the relative importance index method for construction projects in Turkey. Journal of Management in Engineering, 29(2), 133–139. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000129

Günhan, S., Arditi, D., & Doyle, J. (2007). Avoiding change orders in public school construction. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 133(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2007)133:1(67)

Habibi, M., Kermanshachi, S., & Safapour, E. (2018). Engineering, procurement and construction cost and schedule performance leading indicators: state-of-the-art review. In Proceedings of Construction Research Congress (pp. 2–4), New Orleans, Louisiana. ASCE. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481271.037

Hallowell, M., & Gambatese, J. (2010). Qualitative research: Application of the Delphi method to CEM research. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 136(1), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000137

Han, S., Lee, S., & Pena-Mora, F. (2012). Identification and quantification of non-value-adding effort from errors and changes in design and construction projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 138(1), 98–109. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000406

Hanif, H., Khurshid, M., Nauman, S., & Lindhard, S. (2016). Impact of variation orders on time and cost in mega hydropower projects of Pakistan. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 21(2), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.21315/jcdc2016.21.2.3

Hanna, A., & Iskandar, K. (2017). Quantifying and modelling the cumulative impact of change orders. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 143(10), 04017076. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001385

Hasan, A., Baroudi, B., Elmualim, A., & Rameezdeen, R. (2018). Factors affecting construction productivity: A 30 year systematic review. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 25(7), 916–937. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-02-2017-0035

Heravi, G., & Charkhakan, M. (2014). Predicting and tracing change formation scenarios in construction projects using the DEMATEL technique. Journal of Management in Engineering, 30(6), 04014028. http://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000229

Hon, C., Chan, A., & Yam, M. (2012). Empirical study to investigate the difficulties of implementing safety practices in the repair and maintenance sector in Hong Kong. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 138(7), 877–884. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000497

Hwang, B., Shan, M., & Looi, K. (2018). Knowledge-based decision support system for prefabricated prefinished volumetric construction. Automation in Construction, 94, 168–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2018.06.016

Hwang, B., Zhao, X., & Goh, K. (2014). Investigating the client-related rework in building projects: The case of Singapore. International Journal of Project Management, 32(4), 698–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2013.08.009

Ibbs, W., Nguyen, L., & Lee, S. (2007). Quantified impacts of project change. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 133(1), 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1052-3928(2007)133:1(45)

Ibrahim, M. W., Hanna, A. S., & Kievet, D. (2020a). Quantitative comparison of project performance between project delivery systems. Journal of Management in Engineering, 36(6), 04020082. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000837

Ibrahim, M. W., Hanna, A. S., Russell, J. S., Abotaleb, I. S., & El-adaway, I. H. (2020b). Comprehensive analysis of factors associated with out-of-sequence construction. Journal of Management in Engineering, 36(4), 04020031. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000777

Ibrahim, M. W., Labib, Y., Veeramani, D., Hanna, A. S., & Russell, J. (2021). Comprehensive model for construction readiness assessment. Journal of Management in Engineering, 37(1), 04020088. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000832

Ingle, P. V., & Mahesh, G. (2020). Construction project performance areas for Indian construction projects. International Journal of Construction Management, 22(8), 1443–1454. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2020.1721177

Ingle, P. V., Mahesh, G., & M.D., D. (2021). Identifying the performance areas affecting the project performance for Indian construction projects. Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 19(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-01-2020-0027

Jarkas, A., & Mubarak, S. (2016). Causes of construction change orders in Qatar: Contractors’ perspective. International Journal of Project Organisation and Management, 8(3), 275–299. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJPOM.2016.078273

Kalaian, S., & Kasim, R. (2012). Terminating sequential Delphi survey data collection. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 17, 5. https://doi.org/10.7275/g48q-je05

Karami, H., & Olatunji, O. (2020). Critical overrun causations in marine projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27(7), 1579–1594. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-09-2019-0477

Keane, P., Sertyesilisik, B., & Ross, A. (2010). Variations and change orders on construction projects. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 2(2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000016

Ke, Y., Wang, S., Chan, A., & Lam, P. (2010). Preferred risk allocation in China’s public–private partnership (PPP) projects. International Journal of Project Management, 28(5), 482–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.08.007

Kermanshachi, S., & Safapour, E. (2019). Identification and quantification of project complexity from perspective of primary stakeholders in US construction projects. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 25(4), 380–398. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.8633

Kermanshachi, S., Thakur, R., & Govan, P. (2018). Discovering the impact of late change orders and rework on labor productivity: A water treatment case study analysis using system dynamics modeling. In Construction Research Congress, New Orleans, LA, USA. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784481295.069

Kermanshachi, S., Rouhanizadeh, B., & Dao, B. (2020). Application of Delphi method in identifying, ranking, and weighting project complexity indicators for construction projects. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 2(1), 04519033. https://doi.org10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000338

Khalafallah, A., & Shalaby, Y. (2019). Change orders: Automating comparative data analysis and controlling impacts in public projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 145(11), 04019064. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001700

Khanzadi, M., Nasirzadeh, F., & Dashti, M. S. (2018). Fuzzy cognitive map approach to analyze causes of change orders in construction projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 144(2), 04017111. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001430

Khoshgoftar, M., Bakar, A. H. A., & Osman, O. (2010). Causes of delays in Iranian construction projects. International Journal of Construction Management, 10(2), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2010.10773144

Khoso, A., Khan, J., Faiz, R., & Akhund, M. (2019). Assessment of change orders attributes in preconstruction and construction phase. Civil Engineering Journal, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091273

Kim, J., Miller, J., & Kim, S. (2020). Cost impacts of change orders due to unforeseen existing conditions in building renovation projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 146(8), 04020094. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001888

Kolawole, R., Kamau, P., & Gerryshom, M. (2016). Change order management factors in building projects in Northern Nigeria. Asian Social Science, 12(1), 223–236. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n1p223

Laerd Statistics. (2018). Pearson’s correlation using SPSS statistics. https://statistics.laerd.com/spss

Lavikka, R., Kyrö, R., Peltokorpi, A., & Särkilahti, A. (2019). Revealing change dynamics in hospital construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 26(9), 1946–1961. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-03-2018-0119

LeBreton, J., & Senter, J. (2008). Answers to 20 questions about interrater reliability and interrater agreement. Organizational Research Methods, 11(4), 815–852. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428106296642

Love, P., Holt, G., Shen, L., Li, H., & Irani, Z. (2002). Using systems dynamics to better understand change and rework in construction project management systems. International Journal of Project Management, 20(6), 425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(01)00039-4

Love, P. E., Matthews, J., & Fang, W. (2020). Rework in construction: A focus on error and violation. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 146(9), 06020001. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001901

Lu, Z., Peña-Mora, F., Wang, S. Q., Liu, T., & Wu, D. (2019). Assessment framework for financing public–private partnership infrastructure projects through asset-backed securitization. Journal of Management in Engineering, 35(6), 04019027. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000708

Luo, L., Zhang, L., & He, Q. (2020). Linking project complexity to project success: A hybrid SEM–FCM method. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27(9), 2591–2614. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-05-2019-0241

Mansour, H., Aminudin, E., Omar, B., & Al-Sarayreh, A. (2022). Development of an impact-on-performance index (IPI) for construction projects in Malaysia: A Delphi study. International Journal of Construction Management, 22(11), 2003–2012. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2020.1762036

Marzuki, P., Oktavianus, A., Regina, A., & Hasiholan, B. (2019). Interface problems in change order-challenged projects. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 24(2), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.21315/jcdc2019.24.2.1

Megha, D., & Rajiv, B. (2013). A methodology for ranking of causes of delay for residential construction projects in Indian context. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(3), 396–404.

Moselhi, O., Assem, I., & El-Rayes, K., (2005). Change orders impact on labor productivity. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 131(3), 354–359. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:3(354)

Msallam, M., Abojaradeh, M., Jrew, B., & Zak, I. (2015). Controlling of variation orders in highway projects in Jordan. Journal of Engineering and Architecture, 3(2), 95–104. https://doi.org/10.15640/jea.v3n2a11

Naji, K., Gunduz, M., & Salat, F. (2020). Assessment of preconstruction factors in sustainable project management performance. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 28(10), 3060–3077. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-05-2020-0333

Oppong, G. D., Chan, A. P., Ameyaw, E. E., Frimpong, S., & Dansoh, A. (2021). Fuzzy evaluation of the factors contributing to the success of external stakeholder management in construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 147(11), 04021142. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0002155

Palaneeswaran, E., Love, P. E., & Kim, J. T. (2014). Role of design audits in reducing errors and rework: Lessons from Hong Kong. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 28(3), 511–517. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000450

Pereira, E., Ahn, S., Han, S., & Abourizk, S. (2018). Identification and association of high-priority safety management system factors and accident precursors for proactive safety assessment and control. Journal of Management in Engineering, 34(1), 04017041. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000562

Project Management Institute. (2016). Construction extension to the PMBOK guide. Newtown Square, PA. https://www.pmi.org/pmbok-guide-standards/foundational/pmbok/construction-extension

Ozdemir, Ş. (2016). Individual contributions to infollution (information pollution): trust and share. International Journal on New Trends in Education and Their Implications, 7(2), 23–33.

Rockart, J. F. (1980). The changing role of the information systems executive: a critical success factors perspective. https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/2010/SWP-1297-08770929-CISR-085.pdf

Safapour, E., & Kermanshachi, S. (2018). Identifying early indicators of manageable rework causes and selecting the mitigating construction best practices. Journal of Management in Engineering, 35(2), 04018060. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000669

Saka, A., & Chan, D. (2019). Knowledge, skills and functionalities requirements for quantity surveyors in building information modelling (BIM) work environment: An international Delphi study. Journal of Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 16(3), 227–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2019.1651247

Senouci, A., Alsarraj, A., Gunduz, M., & Eldin, N. (2016). Analysis of change orders in Qatari construction projects. International Journal of Construction Management, 17(4), 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2016.1211973

Serpell, A., Ferrada, X., & Rubio, N. L. (2017). Fostering the effective usage of risk management in construction. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 23(7), 858–867. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1321578

Shipton, C., Hughes, W., & Tutt, D. (2014). Change management in practice: An ethnographic study of changes to contract requirements on a hospital project. Construction Management and Economics, 32(7–8), 787–803. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2014.915336

Shrestha, K., & Shrestha, P. (2019). Change orders on road maintenance contracts: Causes and preventive measures. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 11(3), 04519009. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000299

Shrestha, P., & Fathi, M. (2019). Impacts of change orders on cost and schedule performance and the correlation with project size of DB building projects. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 11(3), 04519010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000311

Shrestha, P., & Maharjan, R. (2018). Effects of change orders on cost growth, schedule growth, and construction intensity of large highway projects. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 10(3), 04518012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000264

Shrestha, P., & Zeleke, H. (2018). Effect of change orders on cost and schedule overruns of school building renovation projects. Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction, 10(4), 04518018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000271

Shrestha, P., Shrestha, K., & Zeleke, H. (2019). Probability of change orders and the effect on cost and schedule for new public school buildings. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 26(6), 1087–1104. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-01-2018-0017

Skulmoski, G. J., Hartman, F. T., & Krahn, J. (2007). The Delphi method for graduate research. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 6(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.28945/199

Sourani, A., & Sohail, M. (2015). The Delphi method: Review and use in construction management research. International Journal of Construction Education and Research, 11(1), 54–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/15578771.2014.917132

Sun, M., & Meng, X. (2009). Taxonomy for change causes and effects in construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 27(6), 560–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.10.005

Taylor, T., Uddin, M., Goodrum P., McCoy, A., & Shan Y. (2012). Change orders and lessons learned: Knowledge from statistical analyses of engineering change orders on Kentucky highway projects. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 138(12), 1360–1369. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000550

Tripathi, K. K., Hasan, A., & Jha, K. N. (2019). Evaluating performance of construction organizations using fuzzy preference relation technique. International Journal of Construction Management, 21(12), 1287–1300. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2019.1613210

Ullah, M., Khan, M. W. A., Hussain, A., Rana, F., & Khan, A. (2020). A construct validation approach for exploring sustainability adoption in Pakistani construction projects. Buildings, 10(11), 207. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10110207

Viswanathan, S. K., & Jha, K. N. (2019). Factors influencing international market selection for Indian construction firms. Journal of Management in Engineering, 35(5), 05019006. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.0000703

Wuni, I. Y., & Shen, G. Q. (2020). Critical success factors for management of the early stages of prefabricated prefinished volumetric construction project life cycle. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27(9), 2315–2333. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-10-2019-0534

Zhang, D., Haas, C., Goodrum, P., Caldas, C., & Granger, R. (2012). Construction small-projects rework reduction for capital facilities. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 138(12), 1377–1385. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000552

Zahoor, H., Chan, A., Gao, R., & Utama, W. (2017). The factors contributing to construction accidents in Pakistan. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 24(3), 463–485. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-01-2016-0027

Zuo, J., Zhao, X., Nguyen, Q. B., Ma, T., & Gao, S. (2018). Soft skills of construction project management professionals and project success factors: A structural equation model. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 25(3), 425–442. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-01-2016-0016