Seismic performance sensitivity analysis to random variables for cable tray system
Abstract
Random variables introduced in modelling of seismic engineering are often the result of cognitive limitations and the unpredictability of structures, leading to uncertainties in the field. A practical method for dealing with them is to develop sensitivity analysis in the framework of data and probability statistics. Of existing non-structural components, cable tray systems are characterized by a number of uncertainties which may influence their bearing capacity drastically. In this research, the main characteristics of material, geometry, member layout along with the connection stiffness in cable tray are considered as random variables using global sensitivity analysis, with their results relative importance of these potential uncertainties on the seismic performance of cable tray. The sensitivity analysis method developed especially for cable tray under seismic excitation is constructed based on modal analysis and equivalent inertia force method combined with the Latin hypercube sampling method. The final results demonstrate the need to consider the effects of random variables in modeling assumption in seismic performance analyses of cable tray and can be further used in optimization design.
Keyword : cable tray, sensitivity analysis, modeling uncertainty, seismic engineering
How to Cite
Fu, Z., & Wu, S. (2024). Seismic performance sensitivity analysis to random variables for cable tray system. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 30(1), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2024.19783
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Building Center of Japan. (2014). Building equipment seismic design and construction guidelines. https://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/documents/techbas/seismic.pdf
Chen, X., & Corson, M. S. (2014). Influence of emission-factor uncertainty and farm-characteristic variability in LCA estimates of environmental impacts of French dairy farms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 81, 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.046
China Architectural Design Institute. (2014). Code for seismic design of mechanical and electrical equipment (GB 50981-2014). www.chinesestandard.net/PDF/English.aspx/GB50981-2014
China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization. (2017). Technical specification for steel cable supporting system engineering (T/CECS 31-2017). https://codeofchina.com/standard/CECS31-2017.html
Desmond, T. P., & Dermitzakis, S. N. (1987). Effective-lengths factors for buckling of cable-tray supports. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 103(3), 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(87)90314-1
Dolsek, M. (2009). Incremental dynamic analysis with consideration of modelling uncertainties. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 38(6), 805–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.869
Eder, S. J., & Yanev, P. I. (1988). Evaluation of cable tray and conduit systems using the seismic experience data base. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 107(12), 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(88)90317-2
Ellingwood, B., Galambos, T. V., MacGregor, J. G., & Cornell, C. A. (1980). Development of a probability based load criterion for American National Standard A58: Building code requirements for minimum design loads in buildings and other structures. National Bureau of Stand-ards. https://doi.org/10.6028/NBS.SP.577
Geisler, G., Hellweg, S., & Hungerbühler, K. (2005). Uncertainty analysis in life cycle assessment (LCA): case study on plant-protection products and implications for decision making. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 10, 192.1–192.3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1065/lca2004.09.178.1
Groen, E. A., Bokkers, E. A. M., Heijungs, R., & de Boer, I. J. M. (2016). Methods for global sensitivity analysis in life cycle assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(7), 1125–1137. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-016-1217-3
Hatago, P. Y., & Reimer, G. S. (1979). Dynamic testing of electrical raceway support systems for economical nuclear power plant installations. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 98(5), 1540–1545. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1979.319467
Heijungs, R., & Lenzen, M. (2014). Error propagation methods for LCA – a comparison. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 19, 1445–1461. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-014-0751-0
Helton, J. C., & Davis, F. J. (2003). Latin hypercube sampling and the propagation of uncertainty in analyses of complex systems. Reliability Engi-neering & System Safety, 81(1), 23–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(03)00058-9
Hu, F. Q., Zhu, Y. Z., Yang, P. Y., Gao, W. J., He, Z., & Zheng, P. F. (2016). Seismic reliability analysis of the cable tray structure. Science Technology and Engineering, 16(15), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2016.15.036
Huang, B. (2021). Performance-based earthquake engineering methodology for seismic analysis of nuclear cable tray system. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 53(7), 2396–2406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2021.01.016
Huang, B., Lu, W. S., & Mosalam, K. M. (2017). Shaking table tests of the cable tray system in nuclear power plants. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 31(4), Article 04017018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001009
Joint Committee on Structural Safety. (2001). Probabilistic model (Code-part 3 – Material properties). https://www.jcss-lc.org/publications/jcsspmc/part_iii.pdf
Kala, Z. (2011). Sensitivity analysis of steel plane frames with initial imperfections. Engineering Structures, 33(8), 2342–2349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.04.007
Kala, Z. (2016). Global sensitivity analysis in stability problems of steel frame structures. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 22(3), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2015.1073618
Koning, A., Schowanek, D., Dewaele, J., Weisbrod, A., & Guinée, J. (2010). Uncertainties in a carbon footprint model for detergents; quantifying the confidence in a comparative result. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 15, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-009-0123-3
Le, T. H., & Mosalam, K. M. (2005). Seismic demand sensitivity of reinforced concrete shear-wall building using FOSM method. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 34(14), 1719–1736. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.506
Liel, A., & Haselton, C. B., Deierlein, G. G., & Baker, J. W. (2009). Incorporating modeling uncertainties in the assessment of seismic collapse risk of buildings. Structural Safety, 31(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.06.002
Marčić, D., Cerić, A., & Kovačević, M. S. (2013). Selection of a field testing method for karst rock mass deformability by multi criteria decision analysis. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 19(2), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.743927
Martins, A. M. B., Simões, L. M. C., Negrão, J. H. J. O., & Lopes, A. V. (2019). Sensitivity analysis and optimum design of reinforced concrete frames according to Eurocode 2. Engineering Optimization, 52(12), 2011–2032. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2019.1693554
Masoni, P., Pasquale, G. A., Mazzieri, C., & Morgana, A. (1989). Seismic tests of cable tray systems. In Transactions of the 10th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT 10), Anaheim, USA. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.20/29681
Matsuda, K., & Kasai, K. (2017). Study on seismic behavior of cable rack system for electric wiring having passive control scheme. In 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile. https://wcee.nicee.org/wcee/article/16WCEE/S-S1464746185
Matsuda, K., Kasai, K., Mizutani, K., Asatsuma, E., & Sato, Y. (2020). An experimental study on dynamic behavior of a cable tray system using a large shaking table. In 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Sendai, Japan. https://wcee.nicee.org/wcee/article/17WCEE/2e-0023.pdf
McKay, M. D., Conover, W. J., & Beckman, R. (1979). A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code. Technometrics, 21, 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1979.10489755
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. (2018). Unified standard for reliability design of building structures (GB50068-2001). https://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/zhengce/zhengcefilelib/201903/20190315_239764.html
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the Peo-ple’s Republic of China. (2010). Code for seismic design of building (GB 50011-2010). https://www.standardsofchina.com/standard/GB50011-2010
Miranda, E., Mosqueda, C., Retamales, R., & Pekcan, G. (2012). Performance of nonstructural components during the 27 February 2010 Chile earthquake. Earthquake Spectra, 28(S1), 453–471. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000032
Oterkus, E., & Jung, S. W. (2020). An in-depth analysis for optimal cable tray support span. Sustainable Marine Structures, 2(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.36956/sms.v2i1.311
Padgett, J. E., & DesRoches, R. (2007). Sensitivity of seismic response and fragility to parameter uncertainty. Journal of Structural Engineering, 133(12), 1710–1718. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:12(1710)
Pearce, B. K., Jackson, J. E., Dixon, M. W., & Bourne, F. R. (1984). Reduction of seismic loads in cable tray hangers. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 81(3), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(84)90286-3
Porter, K. A., Beck, J. L., & Shaikhutdinov, R. V. (2002). Investigation of sensitivity of building loss estimates to major uncertain variables for the Van Nuys testbed (PEER Report 2002/2003). Berkeley, CA, USA. https://peer.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/0203_k._porter_j._beck_r._shaikhutdinov_.pdf
Prasad, K., Zavadskas, E. K., & Chakraborty, S. (2015). A software prototype for material handling equipment selection for construction sites. Automation in Construction, 57, 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.06.001
Qu, Z., Cao, Y. T., Ji, & X. D. (2019). A building-specific bi-directional dynamic loading protocol for experiments of non-structural components. In 4th International Workshop on the Seismic Performance of Non-Structural Elements, Pavia, Italy. https://doi.org/10.7414/4sponse.ID.18
Reigles, D. G., Brachmann, I., Johnson, W. H., & Gürbüz, O. (2016). Test-based approach to cable tray support system analysis and design: be-havior and test methods. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 302(A), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.03.026
Rodríguez, D., Brunesi, E., & Nascimbene, R. (2021). Fragility and sensitivity analysis of steel frames with bolted-angle connections under pro-gressive collapse. Engineering Structures, 228, Article 111508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111508
Rubinstein, R. Y., & Kroese, D. P, (1981). Simulation and the Monte Carlo method. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316511
Saltelli, A., Chan, K., & Scott, E. M. (2004). Sensitivity analysis (Wiley series in probability and statistics). Wiley.
Shahin, R. M., Manuelyan, R., & Jan, C. M. (1978). Seismic analysis and design of electrical cable trays and support systems. Nuclear Engineer-ing and Design, 45(2), 515–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(78)90241-8
Šiožinytė, E., & Antuchevičienė, J. (2013). Solving the problems of daylighting continuity in a reconstructed vernacular building. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 19(6), 873–882. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.851113
Smith, P. D., Eder, S. J., & Conoscente, J. P. (1990). SQUG cable tray and conduit evaluation procedure. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 123(2–3), 241–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(90)90243-Q
Sobol, I. M. (2001). Global sensitivity indices for nonlinear mathematical models and their Monte Carlo estimates. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 55(1–3), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4754(00)00270-6
Sousa, R., Guedes, J., & Sousa, H. (2015). Characterization of the uniaxial compression behaviour of unreinforced masonry-sensitivity analysis based on a numerical and experimental approach. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 15(2), 532–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2014.06.007
Vořechovský, M. (2022). Reliability analysis of discrete-state performance functions via adaptive sequential sampling with detection of failure surfaces. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 401 (Part B), Article 115606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2022.115606
Wu, S. Y. (2022). Study on mechanical behavior and seismic design of cable tray system [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
Wu, S. Y., & Huang, W. Y. (2022). Performance-based optimum seismic design of cable tray system. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 197(2), Article 107448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107448
Yang, I. H. (2007). Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of time-dependent effects in concrete structures. Engineering Structures, 29(7), 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.07.015
Yu, X. H., Lu, D. G., Qian, K., & Li, B. (2017). Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of reinforced concrete frame structures subjected to column loss. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 31(1), Article 04016069. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000930
Antucheviciene, J., Kala, Z., Marzouk, M., & Vaidogas, E. R. (2015). Solving civil engineering problems by means of fuzzy and stochastic MSDM methods: current state and future research. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015, Article 362579. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/362579
Baker, J. W., & Cornell, C. A. (2008). Uncertainty propagation in probabilistic seismic loss estimation. Structural Safety, 30(3), 236–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2006.11.003
Box, G. E. P., Hunter, J. S., & Hunter, W. G. (2005). Statistics for experimenters: design, innovation, and discovery (2nd ed). Wiley.
Building Center of Japan. (2014). Building equipment seismic design and construction guidelines. https://www-group.slac.stanford.edu/esh/documents/techbas/seismic.pdf
Chen, X., & Corson, M. S. (2014). Influence of emission-factor uncertainty and farm-characteristic variability in LCA estimates of environmental impacts of French dairy farms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 81, 150–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.06.046
China Architectural Design Institute. (2014). Code for seismic design of mechanical and electrical equipment (GB 50981-2014). www.chinesestandard.net/PDF/English.aspx/GB50981-2014
China Association for Engineering Construction Standardization. (2017). Technical specification for steel cable supporting system engineering (T/CECS 31-2017). https://codeofchina.com/standard/CECS31-2017.html
Desmond, T. P., & Dermitzakis, S. N. (1987). Effective-lengths factors for buckling of cable-tray supports. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 103(3), 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(87)90314-1
Dolsek, M. (2009). Incremental dynamic analysis with consideration of modelling uncertainties. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 38(6), 805–825. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.869
Eder, S. J., & Yanev, P. I. (1988). Evaluation of cable tray and conduit systems using the seismic experience data base. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 107(12), 149–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(88)90317-2
Ellingwood, B., Galambos, T. V., MacGregor, J. G., & Cornell, C. A. (1980). Development of a probability based load criterion for American National Standard A58: Building code requirements for minimum design loads in buildings and other structures. National Bureau of Stand-ards. https://doi.org/10.6028/NBS.SP.577
Geisler, G., Hellweg, S., & Hungerbühler, K. (2005). Uncertainty analysis in life cycle assessment (LCA): case study on plant-protection products and implications for decision making. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 10, 192.1–192.3. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1065/lca2004.09.178.1
Groen, E. A., Bokkers, E. A. M., Heijungs, R., & de Boer, I. J. M. (2016). Methods for global sensitivity analysis in life cycle assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(7), 1125–1137. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-016-1217-3
Hatago, P. Y., & Reimer, G. S. (1979). Dynamic testing of electrical raceway support systems for economical nuclear power plant installations. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 98(5), 1540–1545. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1979.319467
Heijungs, R., & Lenzen, M. (2014). Error propagation methods for LCA – a comparison. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 19, 1445–1461. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11367-014-0751-0
Helton, J. C., & Davis, F. J. (2003). Latin hypercube sampling and the propagation of uncertainty in analyses of complex systems. Reliability Engi-neering & System Safety, 81(1), 23–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(03)00058-9
Hu, F. Q., Zhu, Y. Z., Yang, P. Y., Gao, W. J., He, Z., & Zheng, P. F. (2016). Seismic reliability analysis of the cable tray structure. Science Technology and Engineering, 16(15), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2016.15.036
Huang, B. (2021). Performance-based earthquake engineering methodology for seismic analysis of nuclear cable tray system. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 53(7), 2396–2406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2021.01.016
Huang, B., Lu, W. S., & Mosalam, K. M. (2017). Shaking table tests of the cable tray system in nuclear power plants. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 31(4), Article 04017018. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001009
Joint Committee on Structural Safety. (2001). Probabilistic model (Code-part 3 – Material properties). https://www.jcss-lc.org/publications/jcsspmc/part_iii.pdf
Kala, Z. (2011). Sensitivity analysis of steel plane frames with initial imperfections. Engineering Structures, 33(8), 2342–2349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.04.007
Kala, Z. (2016). Global sensitivity analysis in stability problems of steel frame structures. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 22(3), 417–424. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2015.1073618
Koning, A., Schowanek, D., Dewaele, J., Weisbrod, A., & Guinée, J. (2010). Uncertainties in a carbon footprint model for detergents; quantifying the confidence in a comparative result. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 15, 79–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-009-0123-3
Le, T. H., & Mosalam, K. M. (2005). Seismic demand sensitivity of reinforced concrete shear-wall building using FOSM method. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 34(14), 1719–1736. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.506
Liel, A., & Haselton, C. B., Deierlein, G. G., & Baker, J. W. (2009). Incorporating modeling uncertainties in the assessment of seismic collapse risk of buildings. Structural Safety, 31(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.06.002
Marčić, D., Cerić, A., & Kovačević, M. S. (2013). Selection of a field testing method for karst rock mass deformability by multi criteria decision analysis. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 19(2), 196–205. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2012.743927
Martins, A. M. B., Simões, L. M. C., Negrão, J. H. J. O., & Lopes, A. V. (2019). Sensitivity analysis and optimum design of reinforced concrete frames according to Eurocode 2. Engineering Optimization, 52(12), 2011–2032. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305215X.2019.1693554
Masoni, P., Pasquale, G. A., Mazzieri, C., & Morgana, A. (1989). Seismic tests of cable tray systems. In Transactions of the 10th International Conference on Structural Mechanics in Reactor Technology (SMiRT 10), Anaheim, USA. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.20/29681
Matsuda, K., & Kasai, K. (2017). Study on seismic behavior of cable rack system for electric wiring having passive control scheme. In 16th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, Chile. https://wcee.nicee.org/wcee/article/16WCEE/S-S1464746185
Matsuda, K., Kasai, K., Mizutani, K., Asatsuma, E., & Sato, Y. (2020). An experimental study on dynamic behavior of a cable tray system using a large shaking table. In 17th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Sendai, Japan. https://wcee.nicee.org/wcee/article/17WCEE/2e-0023.pdf
McKay, M. D., Conover, W. J., & Beckman, R. (1979). A comparison of three methods for selecting values of input variables in the analysis of output from a computer code. Technometrics, 21, 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/00401706.1979.10489755
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China. (2018). Unified standard for reliability design of building structures (GB50068-2001). https://www.mohurd.gov.cn/gongkai/zhengce/zhengcefilelib/201903/20190315_239764.html
Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the Peo-ple’s Republic of China. (2010). Code for seismic design of building (GB 50011-2010). https://www.standardsofchina.com/standard/GB50011-2010
Miranda, E., Mosqueda, C., Retamales, R., & Pekcan, G. (2012). Performance of nonstructural components during the 27 February 2010 Chile earthquake. Earthquake Spectra, 28(S1), 453–471. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000032
Oterkus, E., & Jung, S. W. (2020). An in-depth analysis for optimal cable tray support span. Sustainable Marine Structures, 2(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.36956/sms.v2i1.311
Padgett, J. E., & DesRoches, R. (2007). Sensitivity of seismic response and fragility to parameter uncertainty. Journal of Structural Engineering, 133(12), 1710–1718. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:12(1710)
Pearce, B. K., Jackson, J. E., Dixon, M. W., & Bourne, F. R. (1984). Reduction of seismic loads in cable tray hangers. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 81(3), 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(84)90286-3
Porter, K. A., Beck, J. L., & Shaikhutdinov, R. V. (2002). Investigation of sensitivity of building loss estimates to major uncertain variables for the Van Nuys testbed (PEER Report 2002/2003). Berkeley, CA, USA. https://peer.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/0203_k._porter_j._beck_r._shaikhutdinov_.pdf
Prasad, K., Zavadskas, E. K., & Chakraborty, S. (2015). A software prototype for material handling equipment selection for construction sites. Automation in Construction, 57, 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2015.06.001
Qu, Z., Cao, Y. T., Ji, & X. D. (2019). A building-specific bi-directional dynamic loading protocol for experiments of non-structural components. In 4th International Workshop on the Seismic Performance of Non-Structural Elements, Pavia, Italy. https://doi.org/10.7414/4sponse.ID.18
Reigles, D. G., Brachmann, I., Johnson, W. H., & Gürbüz, O. (2016). Test-based approach to cable tray support system analysis and design: be-havior and test methods. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 302(A), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2016.03.026
Rodríguez, D., Brunesi, E., & Nascimbene, R. (2021). Fragility and sensitivity analysis of steel frames with bolted-angle connections under pro-gressive collapse. Engineering Structures, 228, Article 111508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.111508
Rubinstein, R. Y., & Kroese, D. P, (1981). Simulation and the Monte Carlo method. John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470316511
Saltelli, A., Chan, K., & Scott, E. M. (2004). Sensitivity analysis (Wiley series in probability and statistics). Wiley.
Shahin, R. M., Manuelyan, R., & Jan, C. M. (1978). Seismic analysis and design of electrical cable trays and support systems. Nuclear Engineer-ing and Design, 45(2), 515–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(78)90241-8
Šiožinytė, E., & Antuchevičienė, J. (2013). Solving the problems of daylighting continuity in a reconstructed vernacular building. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 19(6), 873–882. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.851113
Smith, P. D., Eder, S. J., & Conoscente, J. P. (1990). SQUG cable tray and conduit evaluation procedure. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 123(2–3), 241–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-5493(90)90243-Q
Sobol, I. M. (2001). Global sensitivity indices for nonlinear mathematical models and their Monte Carlo estimates. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, 55(1–3), 271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4754(00)00270-6
Sousa, R., Guedes, J., & Sousa, H. (2015). Characterization of the uniaxial compression behaviour of unreinforced masonry-sensitivity analysis based on a numerical and experimental approach. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 15(2), 532–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2014.06.007
Vořechovský, M. (2022). Reliability analysis of discrete-state performance functions via adaptive sequential sampling with detection of failure surfaces. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 401 (Part B), Article 115606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cma.2022.115606
Wu, S. Y. (2022). Study on mechanical behavior and seismic design of cable tray system [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
Wu, S. Y., & Huang, W. Y. (2022). Performance-based optimum seismic design of cable tray system. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 197(2), Article 107448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107448
Yang, I. H. (2007). Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of time-dependent effects in concrete structures. Engineering Structures, 29(7), 1366–1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.07.015
Yu, X. H., Lu, D. G., Qian, K., & Li, B. (2017). Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of reinforced concrete frame structures subjected to column loss. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 31(1), Article 04016069. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000930