Investigating the effects of COVID-19 on tourism in the G7 countries
Abstract
Natural and human-made crises can significantly impact the development of countries’ tourism industries. The susceptibility of countries to these crises depends on their policies, planning, and management in facing diverse challenges. This article aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tourism industry in G7 countries by comparing rankings and positions on indices in 2016 and 2020. Data collected from the RANking COMparison (RANCOM), Proximity Indexed Value (PIV), and Double Normalization Compromise Ranking of Alternatives from Distance to Ideal Solution (DNCRADIS) models have been utilized for data analysis. The research findings indicate noticeable differences in using different models, as the rankings and positions of G7 countries for the years 2016 and 2020, except for two countries, the United States and France, have been different. The research results demonstrate that the COVID-19 crisis had significant impacts on the tourism industries of G7 countries. Countries like the United States, France, and the United Kingdom appear as leading nations in the tourism industry, while Japan and Canada faced challenges, and Germany and Italy experienced changes in their positions. Based on these results, officials and planners in the tourism industry of G7 countries can make appropriate decisions for the development and improvement of tourism under similar crisis conditions. Moreover, these findings can serve as a valuable guide for other countries in managing similar crises in the tourism industry.
Keyword : tourism, COVID-19, G7 countries, RANking COMparison (RANCOM), Proximity Indexed Value (PIV), Double Normalization Compromise Ranking of Alternatives from Distance to Ideal Solution (DNCRADIS)
How to Cite
Komasi, H., Nemati, A., Hashemkhani Zolfani, S., Williams, N. L., & Bazrafshan, R. (2024). Investigating the effects of COVID-19 on tourism in the G7 countries. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 30(4), 1064–1086. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2024.20821
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abellana, D. P. M., Rivero, D. M. C., Aparente, M. E., & Rivero, A. (2021). Hybrid SVR-SARIMA model for tourism forecasting using PROMETHEE II as a selection methodology: A Philippine scenario. Journal of Tourism Futures, 7(1), 78–97. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-07-2019-0070
Akhter Shareef, M., Shakaib Akram, M., Tegwen Malik, F., Kumar, V., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Giannakis, M. (2023). An attitude-behavioural model for understanding people’’s behaviour towards tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Research, 161, Article 113839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113839
Alves, J. P., Eusébio, C., Carneiro, M. J., Teixeira, L., & Mesquita, S. (2023). Living in an untouchable world: Barriers to recreation and tourism for Portuguese blind people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 42, Article 100637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100637
Dina, N. Z., & Juniarta, J. N. (2022). Deriving customer’s preferences for hotels from unstructured data. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 43(3), 872–877. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.43305-899
Fernández-Rodríguez, E., García-Fernández, R., & Martínez-Arias, A. (2023). Institutional determinants of the effective tax rate in G7 and BRIC countries. Economic Systems, 47(2), Article 101079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2023.101079
Febryano, I. G., Wahyuni, P., Kaskoyo, H., Damai, A. A., & Mayaguezz, H. (2022). The potential of tourism in Pahawang Island, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Journal of Green Economy and Low-Carbon Development, 1(1), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.56578/jgelcd010104
Georgeades, C., & Flynn-O’Brien, K. T. (2023). The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on violent injuries in children: A literature review. Advances in Pediatrics, 70(1), 17–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2023.03.002
Ghosh, S., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Doğan, B., Paiano, A., & Talbi, B. (2022). Modelling an empirical framework of the implications of tourism and economic complexity on environmental sustainability in G7 economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 376, Article 134281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134281
Goh, H. C. (2021). Strategies for post-Covid-19 prospects of Sabah’s tourist market – Reactions to shocks caused by pandemic or reflection for sustainable tourism? Research in Globalization, 3, Article 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100056
Göksu, A., & Kaya, S. E. (2014). Ranking of tourist destinations with multi-criteria decision making methods in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Economic Review: Journal of Economics and Business, 12(2), 91–103. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/193841
Huang, J.-H., & Peng, K.-H. (2012). Fuzzy Rasch model in TOPSIS: A new approach for generating fuzzy numbers to assess the competitiveness of the tourism industries in Asian countries. Tourism Management, 33(2), 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.05.006
Jafari-Moghadam, S., Zali, M. R., & Sanaeepour, H. (2017). Tourism entrepreneurship policy: A hybrid MCDM model combining DEMATEL and ANP (DANP). Decision Science Letters, 6, 233–250. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2016.12.006
Jena, R. K., & Dwivedi, Y. (2021). Prioritizing the barriers to tourism growth in rural India: An integrated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach. Journal of Tourism Futures. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-10-2020-0171
Ji, F., Wang, F., & Wu, B. (2023). How does virtual tourism involvement impact the social education effect of cultural heritage? Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 28, Article 100779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100779
Komasi, H., Hashemkhani Zolfani, S., & Cavallaro, F. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic and nature-based tourism, scenario planning approach (Case study of nature-based tourism in Iran). Sustainability, 14(7), Article 3954. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073954
Liu, C.-H. S., Chou, S.-F., & Lin, J.-Y. (2021). Implementation and evaluation of tourism industry: Evidentiary case study of night market development in Taiwan. Evaluation and Program Planning, 89, Article 101961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.101961
Liu, C.-H., Tzeng, G.-H., & Lee, M.-H. (2012). Improving tourism policy implementation – The use of hybrid MCDM models. Tourism Management, 33(2), 413–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.05.002
Liu, S. T. (2023). Urban tourist profiles during the pandemic in Taiwan: A multigroup analysis. Heliyon, 9(3), Article e14157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14157
Liu, Y., Cheng, X., Liao, S. S., & Yang, F. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 on the tourism and hospitality Industry: Evidence from international stock markets. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 64, Article 101875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2022.101875
Macdonald, C., Turffs, D., McEntee, K., Elliot, J., & Wester, J. (2023). The relationship between tourism and the environment in Florida, USA: A media content analysis. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 4(1), Article 100092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2023.100092
Mohammed, R. T., Alamoodi, A. H., Albahri, O. S., Zaidan, A. A., AlSattar, H. A., Aickelin, U., Albahri, A. S., Zaidan, B. B., Ismail, A. R., & Malik, R. Q. (2023). A decision modelling approach for smart e-tourism data management applications based on spherical fuzzy rough environment. Applied Soft Computing, 143, Article 110297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110297
Mufazzal, S., & Muzakkir, S. M. (2018). A new multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM) method based on proximity indexed value for minimizing rank reversals. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 119, 427–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.03.045
Niavis, S., & Tsiotas, D. (2019). Assessing the tourism performance of the mediterranean coastal destinations: A combined efficiency and effectiveness approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 14, Article 100379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100379
Nuriyev, A. M. (2022). Fuzzy MCDM models for selection of the tourism development site: The case of Azerbaijan. F1000Research, 11, Article 310. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.109709.1
Ocampo, L. (2022). Full consistency method (FUCOM) and weighted sum under fuzzy information for evaluating the sustainability of farm tourism sites. Soft Computing, 26, 12481–12508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-07184-8
Puska, A., Bozanic, D., Mastilo, Z., & Pamucar, D. (2023). Extension of MEREC-CRADIS methods with double normalization-case study selection of electric cars. Soft Computing, 27, 7097–7113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-08054-7
Rahmawati, R., Prayitno, G., Firdausiyah, N., Dinanti, D., Hayat, A., Efendi, A., & Roskruge, M. (2023). Harnessing social capital for fostering non-tourism actor involvement in sustainable tourism: A case study of an Indonesian village. Journal of Urban Development and Management, 2(2), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.56578/judm020202
Rungmaitree, P., Boateng, A., Ahiabor, F., & Lu, Q. (2022). Political risk, hedge fund strategies, and returns: Evidence from G7 countries. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 81, Article 101678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2022.101678
Sahoo, B. K., Nayak, R., & Mahalik, M. K. (2022). Factors affecting domestic tourism spending in India. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(2), Article 100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100050
Satpathy, B., & Mahalik, D. K. (2010). A study on spiritual tourist site selection under multi-criteria. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 3(1), 107–117.
Seyitoğlu, F., Atsız, O., Kaya, F., & Taş, S. (2022). The two-way perspective of tourism undergraduates towards (post-)viral world: The future of tourism, and vocational development and career. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 31, Article 100400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2022.100400
Sharifi, A., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Science of The Total Environment, 749, Article 142391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391
Sharma, G. D., Thomas, A., & Paul, J. (2021). Reviving tourism industry post-COVID-19: A resilience-based framework. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37, Article 100786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100786
Škrinjarić, T. (2021). Ranking environmental aspects of sustainable tourism: Case of selected European countries. Sustainability, 13(10), Article 5701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105701
Takyi, P. O., Dramani, J. B., Akosah, N. K., & Aawaar, G. (2023). Economic activities’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries. Scientific African, 20, Article 01642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01642
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2023). UNWTO tourism data dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/glossary-tourism-terms
Vatankhah, S., Darvishmotevali, M., Rahimi, R., Jamali, S. M., & Ebrahim, N. A. (2023). Assessing the application of multi-criteria decision making techniques in hospitality and tourism research: A bibliometric study. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(7), 2590–2623. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-05-2022-0643
Wang, Y., & Fu, L. (2023). Study on regional tourism performance evaluation based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and radial basis function neural network. Annals of Operations Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-023-05224-6
Wickramasinghe, K., & Naranpanawa, A. (2023). Tourism and COVID-19: An economy-wide assessment. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 55, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.03.013
Więckowski, J., Kizielewicz, B., Shekhovtsov, A., & Sałabun,W. (2023). RANCOM: A novel approach to identifying criteria relevance based on inaccuracy expert judgments. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 122, Article 106114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106114
World Travel and Tourism Council. (2021). Travel & tourism economic impact 2021. Global Economic Impact & Trends.
Yang, J.-J., Chuang, Y.-C., Lo, H.-W., & Lee, T-I. (2020). A two-stage MCDM model for exploring the influential relationships of sustainable sports tourism criteria in Taichung City. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), Article 2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072319
Yuedi, H., Sanagustín-Fons, V., Galiano Coronil, A., & Moseñe-Fierro, J. A. (2023). Analysis of tourism sustainability synthetic indicators. A case study of Aragon. Heliyon, 9(4), Article 15206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15206
Zorlu, K., & Dede, V. (2023). Evaluation of nature-based tourism potential in protected and sensitive areas by CRITIC and PROMETHEE-GAIA methods. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 11(3), 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2023.05.004
Akhter Shareef, M., Shakaib Akram, M., Tegwen Malik, F., Kumar, V., Dwivedi, Y. K., & Giannakis, M. (2023). An attitude-behavioural model for understanding people’’s behaviour towards tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Research, 161, Article 113839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113839
Alves, J. P., Eusébio, C., Carneiro, M. J., Teixeira, L., & Mesquita, S. (2023). Living in an untouchable world: Barriers to recreation and tourism for Portuguese blind people during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 42, Article 100637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2023.100637
Dina, N. Z., & Juniarta, J. N. (2022). Deriving customer’s preferences for hotels from unstructured data. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 43(3), 872–877. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.43305-899
Fernández-Rodríguez, E., García-Fernández, R., & Martínez-Arias, A. (2023). Institutional determinants of the effective tax rate in G7 and BRIC countries. Economic Systems, 47(2), Article 101079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2023.101079
Febryano, I. G., Wahyuni, P., Kaskoyo, H., Damai, A. A., & Mayaguezz, H. (2022). The potential of tourism in Pahawang Island, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Journal of Green Economy and Low-Carbon Development, 1(1), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.56578/jgelcd010104
Georgeades, C., & Flynn-O’Brien, K. T. (2023). The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on violent injuries in children: A literature review. Advances in Pediatrics, 70(1), 17–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2023.03.002
Ghosh, S., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Doğan, B., Paiano, A., & Talbi, B. (2022). Modelling an empirical framework of the implications of tourism and economic complexity on environmental sustainability in G7 economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 376, Article 134281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.134281
Goh, H. C. (2021). Strategies for post-Covid-19 prospects of Sabah’s tourist market – Reactions to shocks caused by pandemic or reflection for sustainable tourism? Research in Globalization, 3, Article 100056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2021.100056
Göksu, A., & Kaya, S. E. (2014). Ranking of tourist destinations with multi-criteria decision making methods in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Economic Review: Journal of Economics and Business, 12(2), 91–103. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/193841
Huang, J.-H., & Peng, K.-H. (2012). Fuzzy Rasch model in TOPSIS: A new approach for generating fuzzy numbers to assess the competitiveness of the tourism industries in Asian countries. Tourism Management, 33(2), 456–465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.05.006
Jafari-Moghadam, S., Zali, M. R., & Sanaeepour, H. (2017). Tourism entrepreneurship policy: A hybrid MCDM model combining DEMATEL and ANP (DANP). Decision Science Letters, 6, 233–250. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.dsl.2016.12.006
Jena, R. K., & Dwivedi, Y. (2021). Prioritizing the barriers to tourism growth in rural India: An integrated multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach. Journal of Tourism Futures. https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-10-2020-0171
Ji, F., Wang, F., & Wu, B. (2023). How does virtual tourism involvement impact the social education effect of cultural heritage? Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 28, Article 100779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100779
Komasi, H., Hashemkhani Zolfani, S., & Cavallaro, F. (2022). The COVID-19 pandemic and nature-based tourism, scenario planning approach (Case study of nature-based tourism in Iran). Sustainability, 14(7), Article 3954. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073954
Liu, C.-H. S., Chou, S.-F., & Lin, J.-Y. (2021). Implementation and evaluation of tourism industry: Evidentiary case study of night market development in Taiwan. Evaluation and Program Planning, 89, Article 101961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2021.101961
Liu, C.-H., Tzeng, G.-H., & Lee, M.-H. (2012). Improving tourism policy implementation – The use of hybrid MCDM models. Tourism Management, 33(2), 413–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.05.002
Liu, S. T. (2023). Urban tourist profiles during the pandemic in Taiwan: A multigroup analysis. Heliyon, 9(3), Article e14157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14157
Liu, Y., Cheng, X., Liao, S. S., & Yang, F. (2023). The impact of COVID-19 on the tourism and hospitality Industry: Evidence from international stock markets. North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 64, Article 101875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2022.101875
Macdonald, C., Turffs, D., McEntee, K., Elliot, J., & Wester, J. (2023). The relationship between tourism and the environment in Florida, USA: A media content analysis. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 4(1), Article 100092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2023.100092
Mohammed, R. T., Alamoodi, A. H., Albahri, O. S., Zaidan, A. A., AlSattar, H. A., Aickelin, U., Albahri, A. S., Zaidan, B. B., Ismail, A. R., & Malik, R. Q. (2023). A decision modelling approach for smart e-tourism data management applications based on spherical fuzzy rough environment. Applied Soft Computing, 143, Article 110297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110297
Mufazzal, S., & Muzakkir, S. M. (2018). A new multi-criterion decision-making (MCDM) method based on proximity indexed value for minimizing rank reversals. Computers & Industrial Engineering, 119, 427–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cie.2018.03.045
Niavis, S., & Tsiotas, D. (2019). Assessing the tourism performance of the mediterranean coastal destinations: A combined efficiency and effectiveness approach. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 14, Article 100379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100379
Nuriyev, A. M. (2022). Fuzzy MCDM models for selection of the tourism development site: The case of Azerbaijan. F1000Research, 11, Article 310. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.109709.1
Ocampo, L. (2022). Full consistency method (FUCOM) and weighted sum under fuzzy information for evaluating the sustainability of farm tourism sites. Soft Computing, 26, 12481–12508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-07184-8
Puska, A., Bozanic, D., Mastilo, Z., & Pamucar, D. (2023). Extension of MEREC-CRADIS methods with double normalization-case study selection of electric cars. Soft Computing, 27, 7097–7113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-08054-7
Rahmawati, R., Prayitno, G., Firdausiyah, N., Dinanti, D., Hayat, A., Efendi, A., & Roskruge, M. (2023). Harnessing social capital for fostering non-tourism actor involvement in sustainable tourism: A case study of an Indonesian village. Journal of Urban Development and Management, 2(2), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.56578/judm020202
Rungmaitree, P., Boateng, A., Ahiabor, F., & Lu, Q. (2022). Political risk, hedge fund strategies, and returns: Evidence from G7 countries. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 81, Article 101678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2022.101678
Sahoo, B. K., Nayak, R., & Mahalik, M. K. (2022). Factors affecting domestic tourism spending in India. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 3(2), Article 100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2022.100050
Satpathy, B., & Mahalik, D. K. (2010). A study on spiritual tourist site selection under multi-criteria. South Asian Journal of Tourism and Heritage, 3(1), 107–117.
Seyitoğlu, F., Atsız, O., Kaya, F., & Taş, S. (2022). The two-way perspective of tourism undergraduates towards (post-)viral world: The future of tourism, and vocational development and career. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 31, Article 100400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2022.100400
Sharifi, A., & Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic: Impacts on cities and major lessons for urban planning, design, and management. Science of The Total Environment, 749, Article 142391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142391
Sharma, G. D., Thomas, A., & Paul, J. (2021). Reviving tourism industry post-COVID-19: A resilience-based framework. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37, Article 100786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100786
Škrinjarić, T. (2021). Ranking environmental aspects of sustainable tourism: Case of selected European countries. Sustainability, 13(10), Article 5701. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105701
Takyi, P. O., Dramani, J. B., Akosah, N. K., & Aawaar, G. (2023). Economic activities’ response to the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries. Scientific African, 20, Article 01642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01642
United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2023). UNWTO tourism data dashboard. https://www.unwto.org/glossary-tourism-terms
Vatankhah, S., Darvishmotevali, M., Rahimi, R., Jamali, S. M., & Ebrahim, N. A. (2023). Assessing the application of multi-criteria decision making techniques in hospitality and tourism research: A bibliometric study. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(7), 2590–2623. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-05-2022-0643
Wang, Y., & Fu, L. (2023). Study on regional tourism performance evaluation based on the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and radial basis function neural network. Annals of Operations Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-023-05224-6
Wickramasinghe, K., & Naranpanawa, A. (2023). Tourism and COVID-19: An economy-wide assessment. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 55, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.03.013
Więckowski, J., Kizielewicz, B., Shekhovtsov, A., & Sałabun,W. (2023). RANCOM: A novel approach to identifying criteria relevance based on inaccuracy expert judgments. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 122, Article 106114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2023.106114
World Travel and Tourism Council. (2021). Travel & tourism economic impact 2021. Global Economic Impact & Trends.
Yang, J.-J., Chuang, Y.-C., Lo, H.-W., & Lee, T-I. (2020). A two-stage MCDM model for exploring the influential relationships of sustainable sports tourism criteria in Taichung City. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), Article 2319. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072319
Yuedi, H., Sanagustín-Fons, V., Galiano Coronil, A., & Moseñe-Fierro, J. A. (2023). Analysis of tourism sustainability synthetic indicators. A case study of Aragon. Heliyon, 9(4), Article 15206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15206
Zorlu, K., & Dede, V. (2023). Evaluation of nature-based tourism potential in protected and sensitive areas by CRITIC and PROMETHEE-GAIA methods. International Journal of Geoheritage and Parks, 11(3), 349–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgeop.2023.05.004