Adaptive routing scheme for reliable communication in vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET)
Abstract
In a wireless communication system, due to the presence of the surrounding objects, the amplitude of the received signal rapidly changes by reflection, diffraction, and scattering and noise is added to the received signal. This prompts multipath fading and interference, which affects the quality of communication. The proposed Adaptive Routing Scheme (ARS) considers the algorithm Reliable Routing (RR) using Average Bit Error Rate expressed in Nakagami-m fading channel (ABERN-m) to predict the quality of the link, the Energy Efficient Routing (EER) calculates Remaining Battery Energy (RBE) to extend the network lifetime. The Canberra Distance Measure (CDM) is used instead of Euclidean Distance Measure (EDM) to improve the accuracy of distance measurement in mobile nodes. The aim of the proposed scheme is to predict the best optimal path and maintain the consistent path to enhance the Quality of Service (QoS) in real-time communication to improve efficient traffic on the road.
First published online 5 June 2020
Keyword : average bit error rate expressed in Nakagami-m fading channel (ABERN-m), adaptive routing scheme (ARS), energy efficient routing (EER), Canberra distance measure (CDM), Euclidean distance measure (EDM)
How to Cite
Sivasubramanian, K. S., & Subramaniam, S. S. (2020). Adaptive routing scheme for reliable communication in vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET). Transport, 35(4), 357-367. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12053
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Beaulieu, N. C.; Cheng, C. 2005. Efficient Nakagami-m fading channel simulation, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 54(2): 413–424. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2004.841555
Bilstrup, K. S.; Uhlemann, E.; Strom, E. G. 2010. Scalability Issues of the MAC Methods STDMA and CSMA of IEEE 802.11p When Used in VANETs, in 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, 23–27 May 2010, Cape Town, South Africa, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCW.2010.5503941
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Cabric, D.; Tkachenko, A.; Brodersen, R. W. 2006. Experimental study of spectrum sensing based on energy detection and network cooperation, in TAPAS’06: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Technology and Policy for Accessing Spectrum, 2–5 August 2006, New York, NY, US, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/1234388.1234400
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Das, M.; Sahu, B.; Bhanja, U. 2016. Bit error rate analysis of mobile communication network in Nakagami fading channel: interference considerations, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 10(8): 1156–1159. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1127970
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Dhanapal, R.; Visalakshi, P. 2015b. Efficient clustering protocol based on ant-bee agent for large scale MANET, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 10(52): 349–361.
Goldsmith, A. 2005. Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press. 644 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841224
Gomez, J.; Campbell, A. T.; Naghshineh, M.; Bisdikian, C. 2003. PARO: supporting dynamic power controlled routing in wireless ad hoc networks, Wireless Networks 9(5): 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024636132348
Govindan, K.; Zeng, K.; Mohapatra, P. 2011. Probability density of the received power in mobile networks, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 10(11): 3613–3619. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2011.080611.102250
Hartenstein, H.; Laberteaux, L. P. 2008. A tutorial survey on vehicular ad hoc networks, IEEE Communications Magazine 46(6): 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2008.4539481
Hrovat, A.; Kandus, G.; Javornik, T. 2014. A survey of radio propagation modeling for tunnels, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 16(2): 658–669. https://doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2013.091213.00175
IEEE Standard 802.2-1989. ISO/IEEE International Standard – Information Processing Systems – Local Area Networks – Part 2: Logic Link Control.
IEEE Standard 802.11-2016. IEEE Standard for Information Technology – Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks – Specific requirements – Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications.
IEEE Standard 802.11a-1999. IEEE Standard for Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems – LAN/MAN Specific Requirements – Part 11: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: High Speed Physical Layer in the 5 GHz Band.
IEEE Standard 802.11b-1999. IEEE Standard for Information Technology – Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems – Local and Metropolitan Networks – Specific Requirements – Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Higher Speed Physical Layer (PHY) Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band.
IEEE Standard IEEE 802.11g-2003. IEEE Standard for Information technology – Local and Metropolitan Area Networks – Specific Requirements – Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Fur-ther Higher Data Rate Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band.
IEEE Standard 802.11p-2010. IEEE Standard for Information Technology – Local and metropolitan area networks – Specific Requirements – Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments.
IEEE Standard 1609.2b-2019. IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments – Security Services for Applications and Management Messages – Amendment 2 – PDU Functional Types and Encryption Key Management.
IEEE Standard 1609.3-2016. IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) – Networking Services.
IEEE Standard 1609.4-2016. IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) – Multi-Channel Operation.
Jain, A. K.; Dubes, R. C. 1988. Algorithms for Clustering Data. Pearson College Div. 320 p.
Lance, G. N.; Williams, W. T. 1966. Computer programs for hierarchical polythetic classification (“similarity analyses”), The Computer Journal 9(1): 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/9.1.60
Lever, K. V. 1998. New derivation of Craig’s formula for the Gaussian probability function, Electronics Letters 34(19): 1821–1822. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19981309
Martinez, F. J.; Toh, C.-K.; Cano, J.-C.; Calafate, C. T.; Manzoni, P. 2009. Realistic radio propagation models (RPMs) for VANET simulations, in 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 5–8 April 2009, Budapest, Hungary, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2009.4917932
Nguyen, T. V.; Baccelli, F.; Zhu, K.; Subramanian, S.; Wu, X. 2013. A performance analysis of CSMA based broadcast protocol in VANETs, in 2013 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, 14–19 April 2013, Turin, Italy, 2805–2813. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2013.6567090
Omar, H. A.; Zhuang, W.; Li, L. 2013. VeMAC: a TDMA-based MAC protocol for reliable broadcast in VANETs, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 12(9): 1724–1736. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2012.142
Rappaport, T. S. 2002. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall. 736 p.
SAE Standard J2735_201603. Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Message Set Dictionary.
Shakkottai, S.; Rappaport, T. S.; Karlsson, P. C. 2003. Cross-layer design for wireless networks, IEEE Communications Magazine 41(10): 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2003.1235598
Shirkhorshidi, A. S.; Aghabozorgi, S.; Wah, T. Y. 2015. A comparison study on similarity and dissimilarity measures in clustering continuous data, Plos One 10(12): e0144059. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144059
Simon, M. K.; Alouini, M.-S. 2008. Digital communications over fading channels, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 54(7): 3369–3370. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.2008.924676
Simon, M. K.; Alouini, M.-S. 2002. Digital Communication over Fading Channels: a Unified Approach to Performance Analysis. Wiley-Interscience. 544 p.
Sivaganesan, D.; Karthikeyini, S. 2015. Cooperative spectrum sensing scheme for vehicle to vehicle communication, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 10(13): 5650–5654.
Sivasakthi, M.; Suresh, S. R. 2013. Research on vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research 2(1): 23–27.
Sussman, J. M.; Bronzini, M. S. 2006. A Review of: “Perspectives on intelligent transportation systems”, Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems: Technology, Planning, and Operations 10(2): 101–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450600626281
Tarique, M.; Hasan, T. 2011. Impact of Nakagami-m fading model on multi-hop mobile ad hoc network, International Journal of Computer Applications 26(2): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.5120/3078-4214
Tepedelenlioglu, C.; Gao, P. 2005. Estimators of the Nakagami-m parameter and performance analysis, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 4(2): 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2004.843017
Tiwari, K.; Jain, A.; Charhate, S. V. 2009. BER analysis of Nakagami-m channels with different modulation techniques and transmit diversity, in 2009 Proceeding of International Conference on Methods and Models in Computer Science (ICM2CS), 14–15 December 2009, Delhi, India, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICM2CS.2009.5397947
Toh, C.-K. 2001. Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks, IEEE Communications Magazine 39(6): 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1109/35.925682
Xu, R.; Wunsch, D. 2005. Survey of clustering algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 16(3): 645–678. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNN.2005.845141
Yacoub, M. D.; Fraidenraich, G.; Santos Filho, J. C. S. 2005. Nakagami-m phase-envelope joint distribution, Electronics Letters 41(5): 259–261. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20057014
Almalag, M. S.; Olariu, S.; Weigle, M. C. 2012. TDMA cluster-based MAC for VANETs (TC-MAC), in 2012 IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM), 25–28 June 2012, San Francisco, CA, US, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/WoWMoM.2012.6263796
Beaulieu, N. C.; Cheng, C. 2005. Efficient Nakagami-m fading channel simulation, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 54(2): 413–424. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2004.841555
Bilstrup, K. S.; Uhlemann, E.; Strom, E. G. 2010. Scalability Issues of the MAC Methods STDMA and CSMA of IEEE 802.11p When Used in VANETs, in 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, 23–27 May 2010, Cape Town, South Africa, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCW.2010.5503941
Bray, J. R.; Curtis, J. T. 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of Southern Wisconsin, Ecological Monographs 27(4): 325–349. https://doi.org/10.2307/1942268
Cabric, D.; Tkachenko, A.; Brodersen, R. W. 2006. Experimental study of spectrum sensing based on energy detection and network cooperation, in TAPAS’06: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Technology and Policy for Accessing Spectrum, 2–5 August 2006, New York, NY, US, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1145/1234388.1234400
Craig, J. W. 1991. A new, simple and exact result for calculating the probability of error for two-dimensional signal constellations, MILCOM 91: Military Communications Conference, 4–7 November 1991, McLean, VA, US, 2: 571–575. https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.1991.258319
Das, M.; Sahu, B.; Bhanja, U. 2016. Bit error rate analysis of mobile communication network in Nakagami fading channel: interference considerations, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 10(8): 1156–1159. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1127970
Dhanapal, R.; Visalakshi, P. 2015a. A sector based energy efficient adaptive routing protocol for large scale MANET, Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 9(7): 478–484. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.9.1429
Dhanapal, R.; Visalakshi, P. 2015b. Efficient clustering protocol based on ant-bee agent for large scale MANET, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 10(52): 349–361.
Goldsmith, A. 2005. Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press. 644 p. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511841224
Gomez, J.; Campbell, A. T.; Naghshineh, M.; Bisdikian, C. 2003. PARO: supporting dynamic power controlled routing in wireless ad hoc networks, Wireless Networks 9(5): 443–460. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024636132348
Govindan, K.; Zeng, K.; Mohapatra, P. 2011. Probability density of the received power in mobile networks, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 10(11): 3613–3619. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2011.080611.102250
Hartenstein, H.; Laberteaux, L. P. 2008. A tutorial survey on vehicular ad hoc networks, IEEE Communications Magazine 46(6): 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2008.4539481
Hrovat, A.; Kandus, G.; Javornik, T. 2014. A survey of radio propagation modeling for tunnels, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 16(2): 658–669. https://doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2013.091213.00175
IEEE Standard 802.2-1989. ISO/IEEE International Standard – Information Processing Systems – Local Area Networks – Part 2: Logic Link Control.
IEEE Standard 802.11-2016. IEEE Standard for Information Technology – Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems Local and Metropolitan Area Networks – Specific requirements – Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications.
IEEE Standard 802.11a-1999. IEEE Standard for Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems – LAN/MAN Specific Requirements – Part 11: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: High Speed Physical Layer in the 5 GHz Band.
IEEE Standard 802.11b-1999. IEEE Standard for Information Technology – Telecommunications and Information Exchange Between Systems – Local and Metropolitan Networks – Specific Requirements – Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Higher Speed Physical Layer (PHY) Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band.
IEEE Standard IEEE 802.11g-2003. IEEE Standard for Information technology – Local and Metropolitan Area Networks – Specific Requirements – Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications: Fur-ther Higher Data Rate Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band.
IEEE Standard 802.11p-2010. IEEE Standard for Information Technology – Local and metropolitan area networks – Specific Requirements – Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 6: Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments.
IEEE Standard 1609.2b-2019. IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments – Security Services for Applications and Management Messages – Amendment 2 – PDU Functional Types and Encryption Key Management.
IEEE Standard 1609.3-2016. IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) – Networking Services.
IEEE Standard 1609.4-2016. IEEE Standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) – Multi-Channel Operation.
Jain, A. K.; Dubes, R. C. 1988. Algorithms for Clustering Data. Pearson College Div. 320 p.
Lance, G. N.; Williams, W. T. 1966. Computer programs for hierarchical polythetic classification (“similarity analyses”), The Computer Journal 9(1): 60–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/9.1.60
Lever, K. V. 1998. New derivation of Craig’s formula for the Gaussian probability function, Electronics Letters 34(19): 1821–1822. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19981309
Martinez, F. J.; Toh, C.-K.; Cano, J.-C.; Calafate, C. T.; Manzoni, P. 2009. Realistic radio propagation models (RPMs) for VANET simulations, in 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, 5–8 April 2009, Budapest, Hungary, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/WCNC.2009.4917932
Nguyen, T. V.; Baccelli, F.; Zhu, K.; Subramanian, S.; Wu, X. 2013. A performance analysis of CSMA based broadcast protocol in VANETs, in 2013 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, 14–19 April 2013, Turin, Italy, 2805–2813. https://doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2013.6567090
Omar, H. A.; Zhuang, W.; Li, L. 2013. VeMAC: a TDMA-based MAC protocol for reliable broadcast in VANETs, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 12(9): 1724–1736. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2012.142
Rappaport, T. S. 2002. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice. Prentice Hall. 736 p.
SAE Standard J2735_201603. Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) Message Set Dictionary.
Shakkottai, S.; Rappaport, T. S.; Karlsson, P. C. 2003. Cross-layer design for wireless networks, IEEE Communications Magazine 41(10): 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2003.1235598
Shirkhorshidi, A. S.; Aghabozorgi, S.; Wah, T. Y. 2015. A comparison study on similarity and dissimilarity measures in clustering continuous data, Plos One 10(12): e0144059. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144059
Simon, M. K.; Alouini, M.-S. 2008. Digital communications over fading channels, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 54(7): 3369–3370. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIT.2008.924676
Simon, M. K.; Alouini, M.-S. 2002. Digital Communication over Fading Channels: a Unified Approach to Performance Analysis. Wiley-Interscience. 544 p.
Sivaganesan, D.; Karthikeyini, S. 2015. Cooperative spectrum sensing scheme for vehicle to vehicle communication, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 10(13): 5650–5654.
Sivasakthi, M.; Suresh, S. R. 2013. Research on vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research 2(1): 23–27.
Sussman, J. M.; Bronzini, M. S. 2006. A Review of: “Perspectives on intelligent transportation systems”, Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems: Technology, Planning, and Operations 10(2): 101–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/15472450600626281
Tarique, M.; Hasan, T. 2011. Impact of Nakagami-m fading model on multi-hop mobile ad hoc network, International Journal of Computer Applications 26(2): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.5120/3078-4214
Tepedelenlioglu, C.; Gao, P. 2005. Estimators of the Nakagami-m parameter and performance analysis, IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 4(2): 519–527. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2004.843017
Tiwari, K.; Jain, A.; Charhate, S. V. 2009. BER analysis of Nakagami-m channels with different modulation techniques and transmit diversity, in 2009 Proceeding of International Conference on Methods and Models in Computer Science (ICM2CS), 14–15 December 2009, Delhi, India, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICM2CS.2009.5397947
Toh, C.-K. 2001. Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks, IEEE Communications Magazine 39(6): 138–147. https://doi.org/10.1109/35.925682
Xu, R.; Wunsch, D. 2005. Survey of clustering algorithms, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 16(3): 645–678. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNN.2005.845141
Yacoub, M. D.; Fraidenraich, G.; Santos Filho, J. C. S. 2005. Nakagami-m phase-envelope joint distribution, Electronics Letters 41(5): 259–261. https://doi.org/10.1049/el:20057014