Sustainable mobility and electric vehicle adoption: a study on the impact of perceived benefits and risks
Abstract
The shift towards sustainable transportation is becoming increasingly important as the negative impact of traditional fuel-powered vehicles on the environment becomes more evident. Electric Vehicles (EVs) are considered a viable solution to this problem, and understanding the factors that influence consumer intention to purchase EVs is crucial for their widespread adoption. This study investigates the factors that influence individuals’ intention to purchase EVs. 4 independent variables were considered: Perceived Environmental Benefit (PEB), Perceived Performance Benefit (PPB), Perceived Performance Risk (PPR), and Perceived Financial Risk (PFR). A survey was conducted with 398 respondents, and the data collected were analysed using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results indicate that PEB, PPB, PPR, and PFR have significant effects on Purchase Intention (PI). Specifically, PEB and PPB positively affect PI, while PPR and PFR negatively affect it. These findings suggest that improving the PEBs and PPBs of EVs and reducing perceived performance and financial risks could encourage more individuals to purchase them.
Keyword : electric vehicle, sustainability, sustainable mobility, perceived benefit, perceived risk, adoption, technology acceptance, green transportation
How to Cite
Yildiz, B., Çiğdem, Şemsettin, & Meidutė-Kavaliauskienė, I. (2024). Sustainable mobility and electric vehicle adoption: a study on the impact of perceived benefits and risks. Transport, 39(2), 129–145. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2024.22413
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Abbasi, H. A.; Johl, S. K.; Shaari, Z. B. H.; Moughal, W.; Mazhar, M.; Musarat, M. A.; Rafiq, W.; Farooqi, A. S.; Borovkov, A. 2021. Consumer motivation by using unified theory of acceptance and use of technology towards electric vehicles, Sustainability 13(21): 12177. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112177
Adhikari, M.; Ghimire, L. P.; Kim, Y.; Aryal, P.; Khadka, S. B. 2020. Identification and analysis of barriers against electric vehicle use, Sustainability 12(12): 4850. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124850
Ajzen, I. 2011. The theory of planned behaviour: reactions and reflections, Psychology & Health 26(9): 1113–1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995
Ali, I.; Naushad, M. 2022. A study to investigate what tempts consumers to adopt electric vehicles, World Electric Vehicle Journal 13(2): 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13020026
Anfinsen, M.; Lagesen, V. A.; Ryghaug, M. 2019. Green and gendered? Cultural perspectives on the road towards electric vehicles in Norway, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 71: 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.12.003
Asadi, S.; Nilashi, M.; Samad, S.; Abdullah, R.; Mahmoud, M.; Alkinani, M. H.; Yadegaridehkordi, E. 2021. Factors impacting consumers’ intention toward adoption of electric vehicles in Malaysia, Journal of Cleaner Production 282: 124474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124474
Ball, C. S.; Vögele, S.; Grajewski, M.; Kuckshinrichs, W. 2021. E-mobility from a multi-actor point of view: uncertainties and their impacts, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 170: 120925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120925
Berkeley, N.; Jarvis, D.; Jones, A. 2018. Analysing the take up of battery electric vehicles: an investigation of barriers amongst drivers in the UK, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 63: 466–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.06.016
Bhalla, P.; Ali, I. S.; Nazneen, A. 2018. A study of consumer perception and purchase intention of electric vehicles, European Journal of Scientific Research 149(4): 362–368.
Bhutto, M. H.; Shaikh, A. A.; Sharma, R. 2021. Factors affecting the consumers’ purchase intention and willingness-to-pay more for electric-vehicle technology, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Business (ICEB 2021), 3–7 December 2021, Nanjing, China, 167–180. Available from Internet: https://aisel.aisnet.org/iceb2021/4/
Bunce, L.; Harris, M.; Burgess, M. 2014. Charge up then charge out? Drivers’ perceptions and experiences of electric vehicles in the UK, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 59: 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.12.001
Creutzig, F.; McGlynn, E.; Minx, J.; Edenhofer, O. 2011. Climate policies for road transport revisited (I): evaluation of the current framework, Energy Policy 39(5): 2396–2406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.062
D’Adamo, I.; Rosa, P. 2019. A structured literature review on obsolete electric vehicles management practices, Sustainability 11(23): 6876. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236876
Degirmenci, K.; Breitner, M. H. 2017. Consumer purchase intentions for electric vehicles: is green more important than price and range?, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 51: 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.01.001
Dutta, B.; Hwang, H.-G. 2021. Consumers purchase intentions of green electric vehicles: the influence of consumers technological and environmental considerations, Sustainability 13(21): 12025. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112025
Featherman, M.; Jia, S. J.; Califf, C. B.; Hajli, N. 2021. The impact of new technologies on consumers beliefs: Reducing the perceived risks of electric vehicle adoption, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 169: 120847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120847
Febransyah, A. 2021. Predicting purchase intention towards battery electric vehicles: a case of Indonesian market, World Electric Vehicle Journal 12(4): 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040240
Figenbaum, E. 2022. Retrospective total cost of ownership analysis of battery electric vehicles in Norway, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 105: 103246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103246
Giansoldati, M.; Monte, A.; Scorrano, M. 2020. Barriers to the adoption of electric cars: evidence from an Italian survey, Energy Policy 146: 111812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111812
Green, E. H.; Skerlos, S. J.; Winebrake, J. J. 2014. Increasing electric vehicle policy efficiency and effectiveness by reducing mainstream market bias, Energy Policy 65: 562–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.024
Habich-Sobiegalla, S.; Kostka, G.; Anzinger, N. 2019. Citizens’ electric vehicle purchase intentions in China: an analysis of micro-level and macro-level factors, Transport Policy 79: 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.05.008
Haddadian, G.; Khalili, N.; Khodayar, M.; Shahidehpour, M. 2016. Optimal coordination of variable renewable resources and electric vehicles as distributed storage for energy sustainability, Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 6: 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2015.12.001
Han, H.; Yu, J.; Kim, W. 2019. An electric airplane: assessing the effect of travelers’ perceived risk, attitude, and new product knowledge, Journal of Air Transport Management 78: 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2019.04.004
Haustein, S.; Jensen, A. F. 2018. Factors of electric vehicle adoption: A comparison of conventional and electric car users based on an extended theory of planned behavior, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 12(7): 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2017.1398790
He, X.; Hu, Y. 2022. Understanding the role of emotions in consumer adoption of electric vehicles: the mediating effect of perceived value, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 65(1): 84–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2021.1878018
Hinnüber, F.; Szarucki, M.; Szopik-Depczyńska, K. 2019. The effects of a first-time experience on the evaluation of battery electric vehicles by potential consumers, Sustainability 11(24): 7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247034
Hu, X.; Chen, N.; Wu, N.; Yin, B. 2021. The potential impacts of electric vehicles on urban air quality in Shanghai city, Sustainability 13(2): 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020496
Huang, X.; Ge, J. 2019. Electric vehicle development in Beijing: an analysis of consumer purchase intention, Journal of Cleaner Production 216: 361–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.231
Huang, X.; Lin, Y.; Lim, M. K.; Tseng, M.-L.; Zhou, F. 2021. The influence of knowledge management on adoption intention of electric vehicles: perspective on technological knowledge, Industrial Management & Data Systems 121(7): 1481–1495. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-07-2020-0411
Jain, N. K.; Bhaskar, K.; Jain, S. 2022. What drives adoption intention of electric vehicles in India? An integrated UTAUT model with environmental concerns, perceived risk and government support, Research in Transportation Business & Management 42: 100730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100730
Jaiswal, D.; Kaushal, V.; Kant, R.; Singh, P. K. 2021. Consumer adoption intention for electric vehicles: insights and evidence from Indian sustainable transportation, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 173: 121089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121089
Javid, M. A.; Abdullah, M.; Ali, N.; Shah, S. A. H.; Joyklad, P.; Hussain, Q.; Chaiyasarn, K. 2022. Extracting travelers’ preferences toward electric vehicles using the theory of planned behavior in Lahore, Pakistan, Sustainability 14(3): 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031909
Junquera, B.; Moreno, B.; Álvarez, R. 2016. Analyzing consumer attitudes towards electric vehicle purchasing intentions in Spain: technological limitations and vehicle confidence, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 109: 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.05.006
Khazaei, H. 2019. The influence of personal innovativeness and price value on intention to use of electric vehicles in Malaysia, European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 8(3): 483–494. Available from Internet: https://european-science.com/eojnss/article/view/5855
Kocagöz, E.; İğde, Ç. S. 2022. Elektrikli araç satın alma niyetini hangi faktörler etkiler? Bir tüketici araştırması [Which factors affect the intention to buy an electric vehicle? A consumer study], Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 19(21): 104–120. https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.1133892 (in Turkish).
Krejcie, R. V.; Morgan, D. W. 1970. Determining sample size for research activities, Educational and Psychological Measurement 30(3): 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Kumar, P.; Nikolovski, S.; Ali, I.; Thomas, M. S.; Ahuja, H. 2022. Impact of electric vehicles on energy efficiency with energy boosters in coordination for sustainable energy in smart cities, Processes 10(8): 1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081593
Kumar, R. R.; Alok, K. 2020. Adoption of electric vehicle: a literature review and prospects for sustainability, Journal of Cleaner Production 253: 119911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119911
Lai, I. K. W.; Liu, Y.; Sun, X.; Zhang, H.; Xu, W. 2015. Factors influencing the behavioural intention towards full electric vehicles: an empirical study in Macau, Sustainability 7(9): 12564–12585. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70912564
Lashari, Z. A.; Ko, J.; Jang, J. 2021. Consumers’ intention to purchase electric vehicles: influences of user attitude and perception, Sustainability 13(12): 6778. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126778
Lee, J.; Baig, F.; Talpur, M. A. H.; Shaikh, S. 2021. Public intentions to purchase electric vehicles in Pakistan, Sustainability 13(10): 5523. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105523
Liao, Y. 2022. Intention of consumers to adopt electric vehicle in the post-subsidy era: evidence from China, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 16(7): 647–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2021.1918297
Lieven, T.; Mühlmeier, S.; Henkel, S.; Waller, J. F. 2011. Who will buy electric cars? An empirical study in Germany, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 16(3): 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2010.12.001
Lopez-Arboleda, E.; Sarmiento, A. T.; Cardenas, L. M. 2021. Systemic approach for integration of sustainability in evaluation of public policies for adoption of electric vehicles, Systemic Practice and Action Research 34(4): 399–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-020-09540-x
Machedon-Pisu, M.; Borza, P. N. 2020. Are personal electric vehicles sustainable? A hybrid e-bike case study, Sustainability 12(1): 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010032
Moeletsi, M. E. 2021. Socio-economic barriers to adoption of electric vehicles in South Africa: case study of the Gauteng province, World Electric Vehicle Journal 12(4): 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040167
Moons, I.; De Pelsmacker, P. 2012. Emotions as determinants of electric car usage intention, Journal of Marketing Management 28(3–4): 195–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2012.659007
Müller, J. M. 2019. Comparing technology acceptance for autonomous vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and car sharing – a study across Europe, China, and North America, Sustainability 11(16): 4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164333
Noorollahi, Y.; Golshanfard, A.; Aligholian, A.; Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B.; Nielsen, S.; Hajinezhad, A. 2020. Sustainable energy system planning for an industrial zone by integrating electric vehicles as energy storage, Journal of Energy Storage 30: 101553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101553
Onat, N. C.; Kucukvar, M. 2022. A systematic review on sustainability assessment of electric vehicles: knowledge gaps and future perspectives, Environmental Impact Assessment Review 97: 106867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106867
Park, E.; Lim, J.; Cho, Y. 2018. Understanding the emergence and social acceptance of electric vehicles as next-generation models for the automobile industry, Sustainability 10(3): 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030662
Peters, A. M.; Van der Werff, E.; Steg, L. 2018. Beyond purchasing: electric vehicle adoption motivation and consistent sustainable energy behaviour in the Netherlands, Energy Research & Social Science 39: 234–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.008
Rezvani, Z.; Jansson, J.; Bodin, J. 2015. Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption research: A review and research agenda, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 34: 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2014.10.010
Sang, Y.-N.; Bekhet, H. A. 2015. Exploring factors influencing electric vehicle usage intention: an empirical study in Malaysia, International Journal of Business and Society 16(1): 57–74. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.554.2015
Shakeel, U. 2022. Electric vehicle development in Pakistan: predicting consumer purchase intention, Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 5: 100065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2022.100065
Shalender, K.; Sharma, N. 2021. Using extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict adoption intention of electric vehicles in India, Environment, Development and Sustainability 23(1): 665–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00602-7
She, Z.-Y.; Sun, Q.; Ma, J.-J.; Xie, B.-C. 2017. What are the barriers to widespread adoption of battery electric vehicles? A survey of public perception in Tianjin, China, Transport Policy 56: 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.03.001
Shu, T.; Wang, Z.; Lin, L.; Jia, H.; Zhou, J. 2022. Customer perceived risk measurement with NLP method in electric vehicles consumption market: empirical study from China, Energies 15(5): 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051637
Simsekoglu, Ö.; Nayum, A. 2019. Predictors of intention to buy a battery electric vehicle among conventional car drivers, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 60: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.10.001
Sobiech-Grabka, K.; Stankowska, A.; Jerzak, K. 2022. Determinants of electric cars purchase intention in Poland: personal attitudes v. economic arguments, Energies 15(9): 3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093078
Sæle, H.; Petersen, I. 2018. Electric vehicles in Norway and the potential for demand response, in 2018 53rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 4–7 September 2018, Glasgow, UK, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2018.8541926
Tu, J.-C.; Yang, C. 2019. Key factors influencing consumers’ purchase of electric vehicles, Sustainability 11(14): 3863. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143863
Tuan, P. V.; Thao, N. T. P.; Linh, L. T. T.; Le, T. T.; Linh, N. T.; Tuan, H. M. 2022. Factors influencing purchasing intention toward electric vehicle in Vietnam, Journal of Social Commerce 2(2): 82–99. https://doi.org/10.56209/jommerce.v2i2.30
Tunçel, N. 2022. Intention to purchase electric vehicles: evidence from an emerging market, Research in Transportation Business & Management 43: 100764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100764
Vafaei-Zadeh, A.; Wong, T.-K.; Hanifah, H.; Teoh, A. P.; Nawaser, K. 2022. Modelling electric vehicle purchase intention among generation Y consumers in Malaysia, Research in Transportation Business & Management 43: 100784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2022.100784
Varghese, A. T.; Abhilash, V. S.; Pillai, S. V. 2021. A study on consumer perception and purchase intention of electric vehicles in India, Asian Journal of Economics, Finance and Management 3(1): 272–284. Available from Internet: https://www.journaleconomics.org/index.php/AJEFM/article/view/87
Wang, S.; Wang, Jing; Li, J.; Wang, Jinpeng; Liang, L. 2018. Policy implications for promoting the adoption of electric vehicles: do consumer’s knowledge, perceived risk and financial incentive policy matter?, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 117: 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.014
Wang, Y.; Zhou, G.; Li, T.; Wei, X. 2019. Comprehensive evaluation of the sustainable development of battery electric vehicles in China, Sustainability 11(20): 56350. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205635
Wu, J.; Liao, H.; Wang, J.-W.; Chen, T. 2019. The role of environmental concern in the public acceptance of autonomous electric vehicles: a survey from China, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 60: 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.09.029
Xie, R.; An, L.; Yasir, N. 2022. How innovative characteristics influence consumers’ intention to purchase electric vehicle: a moderating role of lifestyle, Sustainability 14(8): 4467. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084467
Xu, Y.; Zhang, W.; Bao, H.; Zhang, S.; Xiang, Y. 2019. A SEM – neural network approach to predict customers’ intention to purchase battery electric vehicles in China’s Zhejiang province, Sustainability 11(11): 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113164
Zang, Y.; Qian, J.; Jiang, Q. 2022. Research on the influence mechanism of consumers’ purchase intention of electric vehicles based on perceived endorsement: a case study of Chinese electric vehicle start-ups, World Electric Vehicle Journal 13(1): 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010019
Adhikari, M.; Ghimire, L. P.; Kim, Y.; Aryal, P.; Khadka, S. B. 2020. Identification and analysis of barriers against electric vehicle use, Sustainability 12(12): 4850. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12124850
Ajzen, I. 2011. The theory of planned behaviour: reactions and reflections, Psychology & Health 26(9): 1113–1127. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.613995
Ali, I.; Naushad, M. 2022. A study to investigate what tempts consumers to adopt electric vehicles, World Electric Vehicle Journal 13(2): 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13020026
Anfinsen, M.; Lagesen, V. A.; Ryghaug, M. 2019. Green and gendered? Cultural perspectives on the road towards electric vehicles in Norway, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 71: 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.12.003
Asadi, S.; Nilashi, M.; Samad, S.; Abdullah, R.; Mahmoud, M.; Alkinani, M. H.; Yadegaridehkordi, E. 2021. Factors impacting consumers’ intention toward adoption of electric vehicles in Malaysia, Journal of Cleaner Production 282: 124474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124474
Ball, C. S.; Vögele, S.; Grajewski, M.; Kuckshinrichs, W. 2021. E-mobility from a multi-actor point of view: uncertainties and their impacts, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 170: 120925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120925
Berkeley, N.; Jarvis, D.; Jones, A. 2018. Analysing the take up of battery electric vehicles: an investigation of barriers amongst drivers in the UK, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 63: 466–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.06.016
Bhalla, P.; Ali, I. S.; Nazneen, A. 2018. A study of consumer perception and purchase intention of electric vehicles, European Journal of Scientific Research 149(4): 362–368.
Bhutto, M. H.; Shaikh, A. A.; Sharma, R. 2021. Factors affecting the consumers’ purchase intention and willingness-to-pay more for electric-vehicle technology, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronic Business (ICEB 2021), 3–7 December 2021, Nanjing, China, 167–180. Available from Internet: https://aisel.aisnet.org/iceb2021/4/
Bunce, L.; Harris, M.; Burgess, M. 2014. Charge up then charge out? Drivers’ perceptions and experiences of electric vehicles in the UK, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 59: 278–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.12.001
Creutzig, F.; McGlynn, E.; Minx, J.; Edenhofer, O. 2011. Climate policies for road transport revisited (I): evaluation of the current framework, Energy Policy 39(5): 2396–2406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.01.062
D’Adamo, I.; Rosa, P. 2019. A structured literature review on obsolete electric vehicles management practices, Sustainability 11(23): 6876. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236876
Degirmenci, K.; Breitner, M. H. 2017. Consumer purchase intentions for electric vehicles: is green more important than price and range?, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 51: 250–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.01.001
Dutta, B.; Hwang, H.-G. 2021. Consumers purchase intentions of green electric vehicles: the influence of consumers technological and environmental considerations, Sustainability 13(21): 12025. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112025
Featherman, M.; Jia, S. J.; Califf, C. B.; Hajli, N. 2021. The impact of new technologies on consumers beliefs: Reducing the perceived risks of electric vehicle adoption, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 169: 120847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120847
Febransyah, A. 2021. Predicting purchase intention towards battery electric vehicles: a case of Indonesian market, World Electric Vehicle Journal 12(4): 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040240
Figenbaum, E. 2022. Retrospective total cost of ownership analysis of battery electric vehicles in Norway, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 105: 103246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103246
Giansoldati, M.; Monte, A.; Scorrano, M. 2020. Barriers to the adoption of electric cars: evidence from an Italian survey, Energy Policy 146: 111812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111812
Green, E. H.; Skerlos, S. J.; Winebrake, J. J. 2014. Increasing electric vehicle policy efficiency and effectiveness by reducing mainstream market bias, Energy Policy 65: 562–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.024
Habich-Sobiegalla, S.; Kostka, G.; Anzinger, N. 2019. Citizens’ electric vehicle purchase intentions in China: an analysis of micro-level and macro-level factors, Transport Policy 79: 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.05.008
Haddadian, G.; Khalili, N.; Khodayar, M.; Shahidehpour, M. 2016. Optimal coordination of variable renewable resources and electric vehicles as distributed storage for energy sustainability, Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks 6: 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2015.12.001
Han, H.; Yu, J.; Kim, W. 2019. An electric airplane: assessing the effect of travelers’ perceived risk, attitude, and new product knowledge, Journal of Air Transport Management 78: 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2019.04.004
Haustein, S.; Jensen, A. F. 2018. Factors of electric vehicle adoption: A comparison of conventional and electric car users based on an extended theory of planned behavior, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 12(7): 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2017.1398790
He, X.; Hu, Y. 2022. Understanding the role of emotions in consumer adoption of electric vehicles: the mediating effect of perceived value, Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 65(1): 84–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2021.1878018
Hinnüber, F.; Szarucki, M.; Szopik-Depczyńska, K. 2019. The effects of a first-time experience on the evaluation of battery electric vehicles by potential consumers, Sustainability 11(24): 7034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247034
Hu, X.; Chen, N.; Wu, N.; Yin, B. 2021. The potential impacts of electric vehicles on urban air quality in Shanghai city, Sustainability 13(2): 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020496
Huang, X.; Ge, J. 2019. Electric vehicle development in Beijing: an analysis of consumer purchase intention, Journal of Cleaner Production 216: 361–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.231
Huang, X.; Lin, Y.; Lim, M. K.; Tseng, M.-L.; Zhou, F. 2021. The influence of knowledge management on adoption intention of electric vehicles: perspective on technological knowledge, Industrial Management & Data Systems 121(7): 1481–1495. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-07-2020-0411
Jain, N. K.; Bhaskar, K.; Jain, S. 2022. What drives adoption intention of electric vehicles in India? An integrated UTAUT model with environmental concerns, perceived risk and government support, Research in Transportation Business & Management 42: 100730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100730
Jaiswal, D.; Kaushal, V.; Kant, R.; Singh, P. K. 2021. Consumer adoption intention for electric vehicles: insights and evidence from Indian sustainable transportation, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 173: 121089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121089
Javid, M. A.; Abdullah, M.; Ali, N.; Shah, S. A. H.; Joyklad, P.; Hussain, Q.; Chaiyasarn, K. 2022. Extracting travelers’ preferences toward electric vehicles using the theory of planned behavior in Lahore, Pakistan, Sustainability 14(3): 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031909
Junquera, B.; Moreno, B.; Álvarez, R. 2016. Analyzing consumer attitudes towards electric vehicle purchasing intentions in Spain: technological limitations and vehicle confidence, Technological Forecasting and Social Change 109: 6–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2016.05.006
Khazaei, H. 2019. The influence of personal innovativeness and price value on intention to use of electric vehicles in Malaysia, European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences 8(3): 483–494. Available from Internet: https://european-science.com/eojnss/article/view/5855
Kocagöz, E.; İğde, Ç. S. 2022. Elektrikli araç satın alma niyetini hangi faktörler etkiler? Bir tüketici araştırması [Which factors affect the intention to buy an electric vehicle? A consumer study], Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 19(21): 104–120. https://doi.org/10.33437/ksusbd.1133892 (in Turkish).
Krejcie, R. V.; Morgan, D. W. 1970. Determining sample size for research activities, Educational and Psychological Measurement 30(3): 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Kumar, P.; Nikolovski, S.; Ali, I.; Thomas, M. S.; Ahuja, H. 2022. Impact of electric vehicles on energy efficiency with energy boosters in coordination for sustainable energy in smart cities, Processes 10(8): 1593. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10081593
Kumar, R. R.; Alok, K. 2020. Adoption of electric vehicle: a literature review and prospects for sustainability, Journal of Cleaner Production 253: 119911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119911
Lai, I. K. W.; Liu, Y.; Sun, X.; Zhang, H.; Xu, W. 2015. Factors influencing the behavioural intention towards full electric vehicles: an empirical study in Macau, Sustainability 7(9): 12564–12585. https://doi.org/10.3390/su70912564
Lashari, Z. A.; Ko, J.; Jang, J. 2021. Consumers’ intention to purchase electric vehicles: influences of user attitude and perception, Sustainability 13(12): 6778. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126778
Lee, J.; Baig, F.; Talpur, M. A. H.; Shaikh, S. 2021. Public intentions to purchase electric vehicles in Pakistan, Sustainability 13(10): 5523. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105523
Liao, Y. 2022. Intention of consumers to adopt electric vehicle in the post-subsidy era: evidence from China, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 16(7): 647–659. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2021.1918297
Lieven, T.; Mühlmeier, S.; Henkel, S.; Waller, J. F. 2011. Who will buy electric cars? An empirical study in Germany, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 16(3): 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2010.12.001
Lopez-Arboleda, E.; Sarmiento, A. T.; Cardenas, L. M. 2021. Systemic approach for integration of sustainability in evaluation of public policies for adoption of electric vehicles, Systemic Practice and Action Research 34(4): 399–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11213-020-09540-x
Machedon-Pisu, M.; Borza, P. N. 2020. Are personal electric vehicles sustainable? A hybrid e-bike case study, Sustainability 12(1): 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010032
Moeletsi, M. E. 2021. Socio-economic barriers to adoption of electric vehicles in South Africa: case study of the Gauteng province, World Electric Vehicle Journal 12(4): 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12040167
Moons, I.; De Pelsmacker, P. 2012. Emotions as determinants of electric car usage intention, Journal of Marketing Management 28(3–4): 195–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2012.659007
Müller, J. M. 2019. Comparing technology acceptance for autonomous vehicles, battery electric vehicles, and car sharing – a study across Europe, China, and North America, Sustainability 11(16): 4333. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11164333
Noorollahi, Y.; Golshanfard, A.; Aligholian, A.; Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B.; Nielsen, S.; Hajinezhad, A. 2020. Sustainable energy system planning for an industrial zone by integrating electric vehicles as energy storage, Journal of Energy Storage 30: 101553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101553
Onat, N. C.; Kucukvar, M. 2022. A systematic review on sustainability assessment of electric vehicles: knowledge gaps and future perspectives, Environmental Impact Assessment Review 97: 106867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2022.106867
Park, E.; Lim, J.; Cho, Y. 2018. Understanding the emergence and social acceptance of electric vehicles as next-generation models for the automobile industry, Sustainability 10(3): 662. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030662
Peters, A. M.; Van der Werff, E.; Steg, L. 2018. Beyond purchasing: electric vehicle adoption motivation and consistent sustainable energy behaviour in the Netherlands, Energy Research & Social Science 39: 234–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.10.008
Rezvani, Z.; Jansson, J.; Bodin, J. 2015. Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption research: A review and research agenda, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 34: 122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2014.10.010
Sang, Y.-N.; Bekhet, H. A. 2015. Exploring factors influencing electric vehicle usage intention: an empirical study in Malaysia, International Journal of Business and Society 16(1): 57–74. https://doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.554.2015
Shakeel, U. 2022. Electric vehicle development in Pakistan: predicting consumer purchase intention, Cleaner and Responsible Consumption 5: 100065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2022.100065
Shalender, K.; Sharma, N. 2021. Using extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to predict adoption intention of electric vehicles in India, Environment, Development and Sustainability 23(1): 665–681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00602-7
She, Z.-Y.; Sun, Q.; Ma, J.-J.; Xie, B.-C. 2017. What are the barriers to widespread adoption of battery electric vehicles? A survey of public perception in Tianjin, China, Transport Policy 56: 29–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.03.001
Shu, T.; Wang, Z.; Lin, L.; Jia, H.; Zhou, J. 2022. Customer perceived risk measurement with NLP method in electric vehicles consumption market: empirical study from China, Energies 15(5): 1637. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051637
Simsekoglu, Ö.; Nayum, A. 2019. Predictors of intention to buy a battery electric vehicle among conventional car drivers, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 60: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.10.001
Sobiech-Grabka, K.; Stankowska, A.; Jerzak, K. 2022. Determinants of electric cars purchase intention in Poland: personal attitudes v. economic arguments, Energies 15(9): 3078. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093078
Sæle, H.; Petersen, I. 2018. Electric vehicles in Norway and the potential for demand response, in 2018 53rd International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), 4–7 September 2018, Glasgow, UK, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/UPEC.2018.8541926
Tu, J.-C.; Yang, C. 2019. Key factors influencing consumers’ purchase of electric vehicles, Sustainability 11(14): 3863. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11143863
Tuan, P. V.; Thao, N. T. P.; Linh, L. T. T.; Le, T. T.; Linh, N. T.; Tuan, H. M. 2022. Factors influencing purchasing intention toward electric vehicle in Vietnam, Journal of Social Commerce 2(2): 82–99. https://doi.org/10.56209/jommerce.v2i2.30
Tunçel, N. 2022. Intention to purchase electric vehicles: evidence from an emerging market, Research in Transportation Business & Management 43: 100764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2021.100764
Vafaei-Zadeh, A.; Wong, T.-K.; Hanifah, H.; Teoh, A. P.; Nawaser, K. 2022. Modelling electric vehicle purchase intention among generation Y consumers in Malaysia, Research in Transportation Business & Management 43: 100784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2022.100784
Varghese, A. T.; Abhilash, V. S.; Pillai, S. V. 2021. A study on consumer perception and purchase intention of electric vehicles in India, Asian Journal of Economics, Finance and Management 3(1): 272–284. Available from Internet: https://www.journaleconomics.org/index.php/AJEFM/article/view/87
Wang, S.; Wang, Jing; Li, J.; Wang, Jinpeng; Liang, L. 2018. Policy implications for promoting the adoption of electric vehicles: do consumer’s knowledge, perceived risk and financial incentive policy matter?, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 117: 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2018.08.014
Wang, Y.; Zhou, G.; Li, T.; Wei, X. 2019. Comprehensive evaluation of the sustainable development of battery electric vehicles in China, Sustainability 11(20): 56350. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205635
Wu, J.; Liao, H.; Wang, J.-W.; Chen, T. 2019. The role of environmental concern in the public acceptance of autonomous electric vehicles: a survey from China, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 60: 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2018.09.029
Xie, R.; An, L.; Yasir, N. 2022. How innovative characteristics influence consumers’ intention to purchase electric vehicle: a moderating role of lifestyle, Sustainability 14(8): 4467. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084467
Xu, Y.; Zhang, W.; Bao, H.; Zhang, S.; Xiang, Y. 2019. A SEM – neural network approach to predict customers’ intention to purchase battery electric vehicles in China’s Zhejiang province, Sustainability 11(11): 3164. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113164
Zang, Y.; Qian, J.; Jiang, Q. 2022. Research on the influence mechanism of consumers’ purchase intention of electric vehicles based on perceived endorsement: a case study of Chinese electric vehicle start-ups, World Electric Vehicle Journal 13(1): 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj13010019